Standardization of Taqwa (Piety) Scale for Muslims: An Exploratory Study

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25217/igcj.v5i1.1662

Keywords:

islamic piety, Muslims, taqwa scale

Abstract

Taqwa (piety) is a construct in Islamic psychology. It correlates with a large number of behavior such as sustainable capacity building, Islamic leadership, employees’ happiness, and workplace deviance. But the earlier studies have failed to capture the assessment of taqwa from the Qur'anic perspective. In the present study, an attempt is made to standardize a taqwa scale. In the first phase, a pool of 30 items was generated for each of the three domains of the construct (Faith in God, Love for God, and Fear of God), and subject matter experts judge the items’ content for the relevance, clarity, and simplicity on a 4 point Likert rating scale. Item content validity index and interrater reliability of each item were calculated. In the final version, 28 items remained content valid. A total of 229 Muslim students purposively drawn, completed the measure. The mean age of the participants was 22.66 (SD= 1.84). The Taqwa Scale consisted of twelve items with 6 point-Likert rating scale. Exploratory Factor Analysis yielded three factors, namely, faith in God (7 items), love for God (3 items), and fear of God (2 items). Content validity, inter-rater reliability, factorial validity, composite reliability, and construct validity provide strong evidence of the reliability and validity of the taqwa Scale.

Author Biographies

Fauzia Nazam, Aligarh Muslim University, India

She is a former Assistant Professor in Psychology at Women's College, Aligarh Muslim University, India.

Akbar Husain, Aligarh Muslim University, India

He is a Professor at Department of Psychology, Aligarh Muslim University, India

Mubashir Gull, Akal University, India

He is an Assistant professor at Akal University, India.

References

Aabed, A. (2005). A study of Islamic leadership theory and practice in K–12 Islamic schools in Michigan. Brigham Young University. Google Scholar

Ahmad, M., & Khan, S. (2016). A model of spirituality for ageing Muslims. Journal of Religion and Health, 55(3), 830-843. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-015-0039-0

Al-Aidaros, A. H., & Mohd Shamsudin, F. (2013). Ethics and ethical theories from an Islamic perspective. International Journal of Islamic Thought, 4, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.24035/ijit.4.2013.001

Beck, C. T., & Gable, R. K. (2001). Ensuring content validity: An illustration of the process. Journal of nursing measurement, 9(2), 201-215. Google Scholar

Bhatti, O. K., Alkahtani, A., Hassan, A., & Sulaiman, M. (2015). The relationship between Islamic piety (taqwa) and workplace deviance with organizational justice as a moderator. International Journal of Business and Management, 10(4), 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v10n4p136

Cicchetti, D. V., & Sparrow, S. A. (1981). Developing criteria for establishing interrater reliability of specific items: Applications to assessment of adaptive behavior. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 86(2), 127–137. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1982-00095-001

Dar, B. A. (1963). Ethical Teachings of the Qur’an. In M. M. Sharif (Ed.), A History of Muslim Philosophy (pp. 155-178). Germany: Pakistan Philosophical Congress. Google Scholar

Davis, L. L. (1992). Instrument review: Getting the most from a panel of experts. Applied nursing research, 5(4), 194-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0897-1897(05)80008-4

Dillon, W. R., & Goldstein, M. (1984). Multivariate analysis: Methods and applications. Wiley. Google Scholar

Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of marketing research, 18(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002224378101800104

Gorsuch, R. L. (1988). Exploratory factor analysis. In Handbook of multivariate experimental psychology (pp. 231-258). Springer, Boston, MA. Goole Scholar

Hair, J. F. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed). Prentice Hall. Google Scholar

Hamid, A. F. A. (2003). The Taqwa Versus Quwii/Ah Dichotomy: An Islamic Critique Of Development Via The Malaysian Bamiputera Policy. Kajian Malaysia, 123-162. Google Scholar

Hassan, R. (2005). On being religious : patterns of religious commitment in Muslim societies. Singapore: Nanyang Technological University. http://hdl.handle.net/10220/4478

Jabeen, M. (2018). Thoughtful Intelligence: A Practical Guide for Moral Development. AuthorHouse. Google Scholar

Kaiser, H, F., & Rice, J. (1974). Little Jiffy, Mark IV. Educational & Psychological Measurement, 34(11), 111-117. https://doi.org/10.1177/2F001316447403400115

Kamil, M., Osman-Gani, A., Sulaiman, M. B., & Ahmad, K. (2010, October). Spirituality in the Workplace: The Role of 'Taqwa' Towards the Advancement of the Contemporary Organization. In 8th International Conference on Tawhidic Methodology Applied to Microenterprise Development. Google Scholar

Khan, B., Farooq, A., & Hussain, Z. (2010). Human resource management: an Islamic perspective. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration, 2(1), 17. https://doi.org/10.1108/17574321011037558

Khwaja, J. (2012). Living the Qur’an in our times. New Delhi: Sage Publication. Google Scholar

Krauss, S. E., Hamzah, A., Suandi, T., Noah, S. M., Mastor, K. A., Juhari, R., & Manap, J. (2005). The Muslim religiosity-personality measurement inventory (MRPI)’s religiosity measurement model: towards filling the gaps in religiosity research on Muslims. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 13(2), 131-145. Google Scholar

LaVan, H., & Matrin, W. (2008). Bullying in the US workplace: Normative and process-oriented ethical approach. Journal of Business Ethics, 8(2), 147-165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-007-9608-9

Lynn, M. R. (1986). Determination and quantification of content validity. Nursing Research, 35(6), 382-385. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1097/00006199-198611000-00017

Maham, R., & Bhatti, O. K. (2019). Impact of Taqwa (Islamic piety) on employee happiness: A study of Pakistan’s banking sector. Cogent Business & Management, 6(1), 1678554. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2019.1678554

Mohammad, J., Latiff, A., Salam, Z. A., & Jamil, R. (2015). Towards developing conceptual framework of Islamic leadership: The role of Taqwa as a moderator. International Journal of Innovation & Business Strategy, 3. Google Scholar

Polit, D. F., Beck, C. T., & Owen, S.V. (2007). Is the CVI an acceptable indicator of content validity? Appraisal and recommendations. Research Nursing & Health, 30, 459–467. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.20199

Rachels, J., & Rachels, S. (1993). The Elements of Moral Philosophy. New York:McGraw-Hill. Google Scholar

Rahman, Z. A., & Shah, I. M. (2015). Measuring Islamic spiritual intelligence. Procedia Economics and Finance, 31, 134-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)01140-5

Robinson-Bertoni, S. (2007). Re-territorizating religiosity in wholesome Muslim praxis. Religions,8, 132. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel8070132

Ross, W., & Brown, L. (2009). The Nicomachean Ethics. Oxford University Press. Google Scholar

Sarif, S. M. (2016). The Influence of Taqwa in Sustainable Capacity Building. South East Asia Journal of Contemporary Business, Economics and Law, 9(2), 1-7. Google Scholar

Stark, R., & Glock, C.Y. (1968) American Piety: The nature of religious commitment. Berkeley: University of California Press. Google Scholar

Sulaiman, M., Selladurai, S., Kamil, N. M., & Mohsen, N. R. M. (2015). The influence of spirituality and responsibility on business leadership effectiveness: An empirical analysis. Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 10(2), 310-334. Google Scholar

Triyuwono, I. (2016). Taqwa: Deconstructing triple bottom line (TBL) to awake human’s consciousness. Pertanika Journal of Social sciences and humanities, 24(5), 89-104. Google Scholar

Van Dalen, D. B. (1973). Understanding Research: An Introduction. McGraw-Hill. Google Scholar

Waltz, C., &Bausell, B. R. (1981). Nursing research: Design statistics and computer analysis. Philadelphia: FA Davis Company. Google Scholar

Yimprayoon, P. (2013). Sample size determination and power analysis for modified Cohen’s Kappa statistic. Applied Mathematical Science, 7(9), 6153-6166. http://dx.doi.org/10.12988/ams.2013.39496

Yusof, F. M., Rosman, A. S., Mahmood, S., Sarip, S. H. M., & Noh, T. U. (2013). Green technology management in the Muslim world. Jurnal Teknologi, 65(1). https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v65.1605

Zamanzadeh, V., Ghahramanian, A., Rassouli, M., Abbaszadeh, A., Alavi-Majd, H., & Nikanfar, A. R. (2015). Design and implementation content validity study: development of an instrument for measuring patient-centered communication. Journal of caring sciences, 4(2), 165. https://doi.org/10.15171/jcs.2015.017

Zubair, K. M. (2010). Significance of Taqwa. Khaleej Times. https://www.khaleejtimes.com/opinion/significance-of-taqwa

Downloads

Published

2022-01-31

How to Cite

Nazam, F., Husain, A., & Gull, M. (2022). Standardization of Taqwa (Piety) Scale for Muslims: An Exploratory Study. Islamic Guidance and Counseling Journal, 5(1), 30–39. https://doi.org/10.25217/igcj.v5i1.1662