Students Are Happier In Madrasah: The Results of Bayesian Analysis on Indonesian National Survey Data
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25217/0020236406800Keywords:
bayesian inference, happiness, Islamic education, madrasah, students’ happinessAbstract
Islamic education is an important part of the Indonesian education system. This is not only because Indonesia is the biggest Muslim country in the world, but also because Islamic education has a social, cultural, and political role in Indonesian society. Nevertheless, madrasahs in Indonesia face several challenges entrenched from financial constraints. This leads to adverse consequences such as restrictions in the provision of infrastructure, inadequate quality of teachers, and low academic achievement in the national exam. Furthermore, students in madrasahs have more burdens than those in regular schools; for instance, students in madrasahs have more subjects to study, longer school hours, and must adhere to stricter rules and conduct. The challenges faced by madrasah raise concerns regarding its effects on students’ subjective well-being. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate whether there is a difference in students’ happiness between those who attend madrasahs and the regular schools. The data collected were based on the results of face-to-face interviews with 1,299 secondary education students in Indonesia. The results of the Bayesian ANCOVA analysis showed that the best-fitting model for predicting students’ happiness contained type of school and wealth level as predictors. The results also showed that the happiness level of madrasah students was significantly higher than their counterparts in regular high school. The finding is noteworthy because students’ happiness in madrasah is higher than in the regular school, despite the lower level of wealth. The results further discussed the literature on religiosity and happiness in the context of adolescent education.
References
Abdel-Khalek, A. M. (2006). Measuring happiness with a single-item scale. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 34(2), 139-150. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2006.34.2.139
Abdel-Khalek, A. M. (2009). Religiosity, subjective well-being, and depression in Saudi children and adolescents. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 12(8), 803-815. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674670903006755
Abdel-Khalek, A. M. (2011). Religiosity, subjective well-being, self-esteem, and anxiety among Kuwaiti Muslim adolescents. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 14(2), 129-140. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674670903456463
Abdel-Khalek, A. M., & Eid, G. K. (2011). Religiosity and its association with subjective well-being and depression among Kuwaiti and Palestinian Muslim children and adolescents. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 14(2), 117-127. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674670903540951
Abdel-Khalek, A. M., & Singh, A. P. (2019). Love of life, happiness, and religiosity in Indian college students. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 22(8), 769-778. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2019.1644303
Abdel–Khalek, A. M., & Lester, D. (2018). Subjective well-being and religiosity: significant associations among college students from Egypt and the United Kingdom. International Journal of Culture and Mental Health, 11(3), 332-337. https://doi.org/10.1080/17542863.2017.1381132
ACDP. (2013). Madrasah education financing in Indonesia. Agency for Research and Development (BALITBANG), Ministry of Education and Culture. Google Scholar
Achour, M., Mohd Nor, M. R., Amel, B., Bin Seman, H. M., & MohdYusoff, M. Y. Z. (2017). Religious Commitment and its Relation to Happiness among Muslim Students: The Educational Level as Moderator. Journal of Religion and Health, 56(5), 1870-1889. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-017-0361-9
Afrianty, D., Hefner, R., & Azra, A. (2007). Pesantren and madrasa: Muslim schools and national ideals in Indonesia. Faculty of Education and Arts Publications, 172-198. Google Scholar
Aghababaei, N., & Tekke, M. (2018). The relations among well-being outcomes and motives, religiosity, and personality factors in Malaysian muslim university students [Short Communication]. Journal of Research and Health, 8(6), 565-571. https://doi.org/10.29252/jrh.8.6.565
Ahmad, K. B. (2015). Educational practice: Lessons to be learned from madrasah and religious schools in contemporary Southeast Asia. Indonesian Journal of Islam and Muslim Societies, 5(1), 29-48. https://doi.org/10.18326/ijims.v5i1.29-48
Argyle, M. (2001). The Psychology of Happiness. Routledge. Google Scholar
Asadullah, M. N., & Maliki. (2018). Madrasah for girls and private school for boys? The determinants of school type choice in rural and urban Indonesia. International Journal of Educational Development, 62, 96-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2018.02.006
Asrohah, H. (2011). The dynamics of pesantren: Responses toward modernity and mechanism in organizing transformation. JOURNAL OF INDONESIAN ISLAM, 5(1), 66-90-90. https://doi.org/10.15642/JIIS.2011.5.1.66-90
Bakar, M. A. (2009). Islamic religious education and Muslim religiosity in Singapore. In J. A. Banks (Ed.), The Routledge International Companion to Multicultural Education. Google Scholar
BPS, B. P. S. (2017a). Jumlah sekolah, guru, dan murid madrasah aliyah (MA) di bawah Kementerian Agama menurut provinsi, tahun ajaran 2005/2006-2015/2016. Bps.go
BPS, B. P. S. (2017b). Jumlah sekolah, guru, dan murid sekolah menengah atas (SMA) di bawah Kementrian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Menurut Provinsi tahun ajaran 2011/2012-2015/2016. Bps.go
Cheung, F., & Lucas, R. E. (2014). Assessing the validity of single-item life satisfaction measures: results from three large samples. Qual Life Res, 23(10), 2809-2818. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-014-0726-4
D'Alonzo, K. T. (2004). The Johnson-Neyman procedure as an alternative to ANCOVA. West J Nurs Res, 26(7), 804-812. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945904266733
Devine, J., Hinks, T., & Naveed, A. (2019). Happiness in Bangladesh: The role of religion and connectedness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 20(2), 351-371. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-017-9939-x
Diener, E. (2009a). Introduction. In E. Diener (Ed.), The science of well-being: Reviews and theoretical articles by Ed Diener (pp. 1-10). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2350-6_1
Diener, E. (2009b). The science of well-being. In E. Diener (Ed.), The science of well-being: The collected works of Ed Diener. Springer Netherlands. Google Scholar
Eryılmaz, A. (2015). Investigation of the Relations between Religious Activities and Subjective Well-being of High School Students. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 15(2). https://doi.org/10.12738/estp.2015.2.2327
Faulkenberry, T. J., Ly, A., & Wagenmakers, E.-J. (2020). Bayesian Inference in numerical cognition: A tutorial using JASP. Journal of Numerical Cognition, 6(2), 231-259. https://doi.org/10.5964/jnc.v6i2.288
Field, A. (2017). Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics: North American Edition. SAGE Publications. Google Scholar
Gere, J., & Schimmack, U. (2017). Benefits of income: Associations with life satisfaction among earners and homemakers. Personality and Individual Differences, 119, 92-95. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.07.004
Helliwell, J. F., & Putnam, R. D. (2005). The social context of well-being. In F. A. Huppert, N. Baylis, & B. Keverne (Eds.), The science of well-being. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1522
Jackson, B. R., & Bergeman, C. S. (2011). How does religiosity enhance well-being? The role of perceived control. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 3(2), 149-161. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021597
JASP-Team. (2023). JASP (Version 0.18). https://jasp-stats.org/
Joshanloo, M. (2013). A comparison of western and Islamic conceptions of happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(6), 1857-1874. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-012-9406-7
Jovanović, V. (2016). The validity of the Satisfaction with Life Scale in adolescents and a comparison with single-item life satisfaction measures: a preliminary study. Qual Life Res, 25(12), 3173-3180. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-016-1331-5
Koenig, H. G., McCullough, M. E., & Larson, D. B. (2012). Handbook of religion and health. Oxford University Press. Google Scholar
Kruschke, J. K. (2014). Doing Bayesian Data Analysis: A Tutorial with R, JAGS, and Stan. Elsevier Science. Google Scholar
Kruschke, J. K. (2021). Bayesian Analysis Reporting Guidelines. Nature Human Behaviour, 5(10), 1282-1291. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01177-7
Kushlev, K., Dunn, E. W., & Lucas, R. E. (2015). Higher income is associated with less daily sadness but not more daily happiness. Social Psychological and Personality Science. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550614568161
Lim, C., & Putnam, R. D. (2010). Religion, social networks, and life satisfaction. American Sociological Review, 75(6), 914-933. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122410386686
Lucas, R. E., & Schimmack, U. (2009). Income and well-being: How big is the gap between the rich and the poor? Journal of Research in Personality, 43(1), 75-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2008.09.004
Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success? , 131(6), 803-855. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803
Marks, N., & Shah, H. (2005). A well-being manifesto for a flourishing society. In F. A. Huppert, N. Baylis, & B. Keverne (Eds.), The Science of Well-Being. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1108/17465729200400023
Ministry of Education and Culture, M. (2014). Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia nomor 59 tahun 2014 tentang kurikulum 2013 sekolah menengah atas/madrasah aliyah. Kemenag.go
Ministry of Religious Affairs, M. (2014). Keputusan menteri agama republik Indonesia nomor : 165 tahun 2014 tentang kurikulum 2013 mata pelajaran pendidikan agama Islam dan bahasa arab pada madrasah. Kemenag.go
Nasr, S. H. (2014). Happiness and the attainment of happiness: An Islamic perspective. Journal of Law and Religion, 29(1), 76-91. https://doi.org/10.1017/jlr.2013.18
Newman, D. B., & Graham, J. (2018). Religion and wellbeing. In E. Diener, S. Oishi, & L. Tay (Eds.), Handbook of well-being (Vol. 24, pp. 13-13). DEF Publishers. Google Scholar
Niam, K. (2010). The discourse of muslim intellectuals and `Ulama’ in Indonesia: A historical overview. Journal of Indonesian Islam, 4(2), 287-316. https://doi.org/10.15642/JIIS.2010.4.2.287-316
Pek, J., & Van Zandt, T. (2020). Frequentist and Bayesian approaches to data analysis: Evaluation and estimation. Psychology Learning & Teaching, 19(1), 21-35. https://doi.org/10.1177/1475725719874542
Piff, P. K., & Moskowitz, J. P. (2018). Wealth, poverty, and happiness: Social class is differentially associated with positive emotions. Emotion, 18(6), 902-905. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000387
Puspendik. (2019). Laporan hasil Ujian Nasional. Puspendik.go
Rosyada, P. D. D. (2017). Madrasah Dan Profesionalisme Guru Dalam Arus Dinamika Pendidikan Islam Di Era Otonomi Daerah. Kencana. Google Scholar
Rouder, J. N., Morey, R. D., Speckman, P. L., & Province, J. M. (2012). Default Bayes factors for ANOVA designs. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 56(5), 356-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2012.08.001
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 141-166. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.141
Sahraian, A., Gholami, A., Javadpour, A., & Omidvar, B. (2013). Association Between Religiosity and Happiness Among a Group of Muslim Undergraduate Students. Journal of Religion and Health, 52(2), 450-453. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-011-9484-6
Seligman, M. E. P., Ernst, R. M., Gillham, J., Reivich, K., & Linkins, M. (2009). Positive education: positive psychology and classroom interventions. Oxford Review of Education, 35(3), 293-311. https://doi.org/10.1080/03054980902934563
Shahama, A., Patel, A., Carson, J., & Abdel-Khalek, A. M. (2022). The pursuit of happiness within Islam: a systematic review of two decades of research on religiosity and happiness in Islamic groups. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 25(7), 629-651. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2022.2028748
Skinner, E. A., Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., Connell, J. P., Eccles, J. S., & Wellborn, J. G. (1998). Individual differences and the development of perceived control. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 63(2/3), i-231. https://doi.org/10.2307/1166220
Steptoe, A., Deaton, A., & Stone, A. A. (2015). Subjective wellbeing, health, and ageing. The Lancet, 385(9968), 640-648. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61489-0
Strauss, J., Witoelar, F., & Sikoki, B. (2016). The Fifth Wave of the Indonesia Family Life Survey: Overview and Field Report: Volume 1. RAND Corporation. http://www.rand.org/pubs/working_papers/WR1143z1.html
Strauss, J., Witoelar, F., Sikoki, B., & Wattie, A. M. (2009). The fourth wave of the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS4): Overview and field report [WR-675/1-NIA/NICHD]. RAND. Google Scholar
Sunhaji, S. (2017). Between social humanism and social mobilization: The dual role of madrasah in the landscape of Indonesian Islamic education. JOURNAL OF INDONESIAN ISLAM, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.15642/jiis.2017.11.1.125-144
Talebzadeh, F., & Samkan, M. (2011). Happiness for our kids in schools: A conceptual model. The 2nd International Conference on Education and Educational Psychology 2011, 29, 1462-1471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.11.386
Tan, C. (2007). Islam and citizenship education in Singapore: Challenges and implications. Education, Citizenship and Social Justice, 2(1), 23-39. https://doi.org/10.1177/1746197907072124
Tkach, C., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2006). How do people pursue happiness?: Relating personality, happiness-increasing strategies, and well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 7(2), 183-225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-005-4754-1
van de Schoot, R., Kaplan, D., Denissen, J., Asendorpf, J. B., Neyer, F. J., & van Aken, M. A. G. (2014). A Gentle Introduction to Bayesian Analysis: Applications to Developmental Research. Child Development, 85(3), 842-860. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12169
van de Schoot, R., Winter, S. D., Ryan, O., Zondervan-Zwijnenburg, M., & Depaoli, S. (2017). A systematic review of Bayesian articles in psychology: The last 25 years. Psychological Methods, 22(2), 217-239. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000100
Wagenmakers, E.-J., Morey, R. D., & Lee, M. D. (2016). Bayesian Benefits for the Pragmatic Researcher. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 25(3), 169-176. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721416643289
Witter, R. A., Stock, W. A., Okun, M. A., & Haring, M. J. (1985). Religion and subjective well-being in adulthood: A quantitative synthesis. Review of Religious Research, 26(4), 332-342. https://doi.org/10.2307/3511048
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Bhina Patria
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
