Adaptation and Validation of The Achievement Emotions Questionnaire Academic Boredom Subscale in Indonesian Islamic Boarding Schools
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25217/0020258654400Keywords:
Academic Boredom, Achievement Emotions Questionnaire, Confirmatory Factor Analysis, Islamic Boarding School StudentsAbstract
Despite the growing recognition of academic boredom as a factor influencing student engagement and achievement, there is still a lack of culturally adapted and validated instruments for use in religious and highly structured educational settings such as Islamic boarding schools. Most existing tools were developed in general, non-boarding, and secular school contexts, primarily in Western countries that differ significantly from the cultural and educational characteristics of Islamic boarding schools in Indonesia. Therefore, this study aimed to adapt and test the validity and reliability of the 16-item Academic Boredom subscale of the Achievement Emotions Questionnaire (AEQ) among Islamic boarding school students in Indonesia. A total of 408 students from Islamic Boarding Schools in East Java, Indonesia participated in the study. This process adaptation involved several stages, including double translation, expert review, a readability test and construct confirmation. The data were analysed using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) with the Diagonally Weighted Least Squares (DWLS) method, as well as with reliability tests using Cronbach's Alpha and McDonald's Omega. The model fit indices (CFI = 0.919; TLI = 0.901; RMSEA = 0.071) and high internal consistency (α = 0.906; ω = 0.917) indicate that the adapted Academic Boredom subscale is valid and reliable for use in Islamic boarding school students in Indonesia. The implications of the study indicate that the adapted AEQ scale can be used as a diagnostic assessment tool for academic boredom in Islamic boarding school-based junior high school student, as well as supporting the development of affection-based learning interventions in Islamic Boarding School.
References
Abdellatif, M. S. (2022). Modeling the Relationships Between Academic Boredom, Self-Compassion, and Quality of Academic Life Among University Students. SAGE Open, 12(4), 21582440221141703. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221141703
Abidin, Z. (2020). Educational Management of Pesantren in Digital Era 4.0. Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Islam, 17(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.14421/jpai.2020.172-07
Affandi, G., Hadi, C., & Nawangsari, N. A. (2023). Academic Boredom in School Context: A Systematic Scoping Review. Proceedings of the 6th International Seminar on Psychology, ISPsy 2023, 18-19 July 2023, Purwokerto, Central Java, Indonesia. Proceedings of the 6th International Seminar on Psychology, ISPsy 2023, 18-19 July 2023, Purwokerto, Central Java, Indonesia, Purwokerto, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.18-7-2023.2343413
Affandi, G. R., Hadi, C., Fardana, N. A., Rahman, M. N. B. A., & Yang, X. (2025). The Mediating-Moderating Role in The Relationship Between Self-Efficacy and Academic Boredom: A Meta-Analytic Approach. Journal of Innovation in Educational and Cultural Research, 6(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.46843/jiecr.v6i2.2261
Affandi, G. R., Hadi, C., & Fardhana, N. A. (2023). Academic Boredom in School Context: A Systematic Scoping Review. Proceedings of the 6th International Seminar on Psychology - “Religiosity and Cultural Diversity for Strengthening Mental Well-Being” (ISPsy 2023), 6(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.18-7-2023.2343413
Afiati, N. S. (2018). Kualitas Kehidupan Sekolah Dan Disiplin Pada Santri Asrama Pondok Pesantren. Insight: Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi, 20(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.26486/psikologi.v20i1.630
Alid, C. R., Pardiman, P., & Basalamah, R. (2022). Curriculum Modernization Strategy in Salaf Islamic Boarding School Based on Indonesian National Qualification Framework. Nazhruna: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 5(3), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.31538/nzh.v5i3.2459
Alvarez, O., Tormo-Barahona, L., Castillo, I., & Moreno-Murcia, J. A. (2021). Examining Controlling Styles of Significant Others and Their Implications for Motivation, Boredom and Burnout in Young Swimmers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(11), Article 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115828
American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, & National Council on Measurement in Education. (2014). Standards for Educational & Psychological Testing (2014th ed.). National Council on Measurement in Education. https://www.aera.net/Publications/Books/Standards-for-Educational-Psychological-Testing-2014-Edition
Anam, S., Degeng, İ. N. S., Murtadho, N., & Kuswandı, D. (2019). The Moral Education and Internalization of Humanitarian Values in Pesantren: A Case Study from Indonesia. Journal for the Education of Gifted Young Scientists, 7(4), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.17478/jegys.629726
Anshari, I., Zulfikar, T., Tihalimah, T., Abdullah, I., & Mujiburrahman, M. (2023). Understanding “Service Learning” in a Traditional Islamic Boarding Schools in Aceh, Indonesia. The Qualitative Report, 28(7), 1855–1868. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2023.5808
Arafat, S. M. Y., Chowdhury, H., Qusar, M. M. A., & Hafez, M. (2016). Cross Cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Validation of Research Instruments: A Methodological Review. Journal of Behavioral Health, 5, 129–136. https://doi.org/10.5455/jbh.20160615121755
Audrin, C., & Hascoët, M. (2021). Bored to Be Wild: How Boredom Is Related to Pre-Service Teachers’ Intention to Persist in Their Studies. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(9), Article 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094452
Beaton, D. E., Bombardier, C., Guillemin, F., & Ferraz, M. B. (2000). Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine, 25(24), 3186–3191. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-200012150-00014
Bekker, C. I., Rothmann, S., & Kloppers, M. M. (2023). The happy learner: Effects of academic boredom, burnout, and engagement. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.974486
Bhansali, A., & Sharma, M. D. (2019). The Achievement Emotions Questionnaire: Validation and implementation for undergraduate physics practicals. International Journal of Innovation in Science and Mathematics Education, 27(9). https://doi.org/10.30722/IJISME.27.09.003
Bridgeland, J. M. (2010). The new dropout challenge: Bridging gaps among students, parents, and teachers. New Directions for Youth Development, 2010(127), 101–110. https://doi.org/10.1002/yd.366
Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural Equation Modeling With AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming (Second Edition). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315757421
Cheung, G. W., Cooper-Thomas, H. D., Lau, R. S., & Wang, L. C. (2024). Reporting reliability, convergent and discriminant validity with structural equation modeling: A review and best-practice recommendations. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 41(2), 745–783. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-023-09871-y
Coaley, K. (2010). An Introduction to Psychological Assessment and Psychometrics (First). SAGE Publications Ltd. https://uk.sagepub.com/en-gb/asi/an-introduction-to-psychological-assessment-and-psychometrics/book240294
Davari, H., Karami, H., Nourzadeh, S., & Iranmehr, A. (2022). Examining the validity of the Achievement Emotions Questionnaire for measuring more emotions in the foreign language classroom. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 43(8), 701–714. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2020.1766054
Derakhshan, A., Fathi ,Jalil, Pawlak ,Mirosław, & and Kruk, M. (2024). Classroom social climate, growth language mindset, and student engagement: The mediating role of boredom in learning English as a foreign language. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 45(8), 3415–3433. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2022.2099407
Ekatushabe, M., Nsanganwimana, F., Muwonge, C., & Ssenyonga, J. (2022). The Relationship Between Cognitive Activation, Self-Efficacy, Achievement Emotions and (Meta)cognitive Learning Strategies Among Ugandan Biology Learners. African Journal of Research in Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 25, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/18117295.2021.2018867
Fathi, J., Pawlak, M., Kruk, M., & Naderi, M. (2023). Modelling boredom in the EFL context: An investigation of the role of coping self-efficacy, mindfulness, and foreign language enjoyment. Language Teaching Research, 13621688231182176. https://doi.org/10.1177/13621688231182176
Fierro-Suero, S., Almagro, B. J., & Sáenz-López, P. (2020). Validation of the Achievement Emotions Questionnaire for Physical Education (AEQ-PE). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(12), Article 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124560
Frenzel, A. C., Thrash, T. M., Pekrun, R., & Goetz, T. (2007). Achievement Emotions in Germany and China: A Cross-Cultural Validation of the Academic Emotions Questionnaire—Mathematics. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 38(3), 302–309. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022107300276
Ghensi, B. L., Skues, J. L., Sharp, J. L., & Wise, L. Z. (2021). Antecedents and effects of boredom among university students: An integrated conditional process model. Higher Education, 81(5), 1115–1132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-020-00602-6
Goetz, T., & Hall, N. (2019). Emotion and achievement in the classroom (pp. 145–152). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351257848-23
Goetz, T., & Hall, N. C. (2014). Academic boredom. In International handbook of emotions in education (pp. 311–330). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
Gyagenda, A. (2023). Application of Bloom’s Taxonomy in the Instruction of Islamic Education. Interdisciplinary Journal of Education, 6(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.53449/ije.v6i1.222
Hadisi, L., Musthan, Z., Gazali, R., Herman, H., & Zur, S. (2022). Peran Pesantren Dalam Pembentukan Karakter Kedisiplinan Santri Di Pondok Pesantren Modern Gontor 7 Riyadhatul Mujahidin Kabupaten Konawe Selatan. Edukasi Islami: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 11(01), Article 01. https://doi.org/10.30868/ei.v11i01.2955
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., Danks, N. P., & Ray, S. (2021). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) Using R: A Workbook. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80519-7
Haynes, S. N., Richard, D. C. S., & Kubany, E. S. (1995). Content validity in psychological assessment: A functional approach to concepts and methods. Psychological Assessment, 7(3), 238–247. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.238
Hunte, R., Cooper, S. B., Taylor, I. M., Nevill, M. E., & Boat, R. (2022). Boredom, motivation, and perceptions of pain: Mechanisms to explain the effects of self-control exertion on subsequent physical performance. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 63, 102265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102265
International Test Commission. (2017). ITC Guidelines for Translating and Adapting Tests (Second Edition). the International Test Commission (ITC). www.InTestCom.org
Jamilah, K., & Affandi, G. R. (2024). The Relationship Between Stress Management And Academic Boredom and Academic Achievement Of Students Of Boarding School X In Sidoarjo. Proceeding International Symposium on Global Education, Psychology, and Cultural Synergy. https://doi.org/10.30651/psychoseries.v1i1.25353
Jaradat, abdul-kareem. (2015). Differences in boredom proneness according to gender and academic achievement. Indian Journal of Health & Wellbeing, 6, 982–985.
Lawshe, C. H. (1975). A Quantitative Approach to Content Validity. Personnel Psychology, 28(4), 563–575. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1975.tb01393.x
Li, C. (2021). A Control–Value Theory Approach to Boredom in English Classes Among University Students in China. Modern Language Journal, 105. https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12693
Liu, Y., & Lu, Z. (2014). The Relationship Between Academic Self-Efficacy and Academic-Related Boredom: MAOA Gene as a Moderator. Youth & Society, 49. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X14535219
Lu, Q., & Rameli, M. R. M. (2023). How Academic Self-Efficacy Influences Online Learning Engagement: The Mediating Role of Boredom. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM), 17(24), Article 24. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v17i24.44759
Macklem, G. L. (2015a). The Academic Emotion of Boredom: The Elephant in the Classroom. In G. L. Macklem (Ed.), Boredom in the Classroom: Addressing Student Motivation, Self-Regulation, and Engagement in Learning (pp. 1–10). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13120-7_1
Macklem, G. L. (2015b). The Many Faces of Boredom: A Negative Emotion That Is So Common, It Is Simply Accepted, or Brushed Off. In G. L. Macklem (Ed.), Boredom in the Classroom: Addressing Student Motivation, Self-Regulation, and Engagement in Learning (pp. 21–26). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13120-7_3
Manshuruddin, M., Tumiran, T., & Yunan, M. (2021). Application Values of Character Education in the Modern Pesantren System and Culture (Study at Pondok Pesantren Modern Ar-Raudlatul Hasanah Medan). International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 8(12), Article 12. https://doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v8i12.3241
Mehmood, S., Iqbal, N. I., & Khalily, M. T. (2021). Development and Validation of Boarding School Climate Scale (BSCS). Foundation University Journal of Psychology, 5(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.33897/fujp.v5i1.244
Monita, D., & Hasan, M. F. (2024). The Dynamics of Affective Assessment in MI Schools: Challenges and Solutions. Ideguru: Jurnal Karya Ilmiah Guru, 9(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.51169/ideguru.v9i1.769
Obergriesser, S., & Stoeger, H. (2020). Students’ emotions of enjoyment and boredom and their use of cognitive learning strategies – How do they affect one another? Learning and Instruction, 66, 101285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2019.101285
Padilla, J.-L., & Benítez, I. (2014). Validity evidence based on response processes. Psicothema, 26(1), 136–144. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2013.259
Pawlak, M., Kruk, M., Zawodniak, J., & Pasikowski, S. (2020). Investigating factors responsible for boredom in English classes: The case of advanced learners. System, 91, 102259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2020.102259
Peixoto, F., Mata, L., Monteiro, V., Sanches, C., & Pekrun, R. (2015). The Achievement Emotions Questionnaire: Validation for Pre-Adolescent Students. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 12(4), 472–481. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2015.1040757
Pekrun, R. (2006). The Control-Value Theory of Achievement Emotions: Assumptions, Corollaries, and Implications for Educational Research and Practice. Educational Psychology Review, 18(4), 315–341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-006-9029-9
Pekrun, R. (2024). Control-Value Theory: From Achievement Emotion to a General Theory of Human Emotions. Educational Psychology Review, 36(3), 83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-024-09909-7
Pekrun, R., Goetz, T., Frenzel, A. C., Barchfeld, P., & Perry, R. P. (2011). Measuring emotions in students’ learning and performance: The Achievement Emotions Questionnaire (AEQ). Contemporary Educational Psychology, 36(1), 36–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2010.10.002
Pekrun, R., Goetz, T., Titz, W., & Perry, R. (2002). Academic Emotions in Students’ Self-Regulated Learning and Achievement: A Program of Qualitative and Quantitative Research. Educational Psychologist - EDUC PSYCHOL, 37, 91–105. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326985EP3702_4
Pekrun, R., & Stephens, E. J. (2010). Achievement Emotions: A Control-Value Approach. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4(4), 238–255. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00259.x
Sharp, J. G., Hemmings, B., Kay, R., & Sharp, J. C. (2019). Academic boredom and the perceived course experiences of final year Education Studies students at university. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 43(5), 601–627. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2017.1386287
Suzuki, M., & Tonegawa, A. (2022). Development of the Japanese Version of the Achievement Emotions Questionnaire – Elementary School (AEQ-ES-J). Japanese Psychological Research, 64(1), 40–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpr.12303
Tze, V., Daniels, L., & Klassen, R. (2015). Evaluating the Relationship Between Boredom and Academic Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis. Educational Psychology Review, 28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-015-9301-y
Xie, J. (2021). The Effects of Boredom on EFL Learners’ Engagement. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.743313
Zamanzadeh, V., Ghahramanian, A., Rassouli, M., Abbaszadeh, A., Alavi-Majd, H., & Nikanfar, A.-R. (2015). Design and Implementation Content Validity Study: Development of an instrument for measuring Patient-Centered Communication. Journal of Caring Sciences, 4(2), 165–178. https://doi.org/10.15171/jcs.2015.017
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Ghozali Rusyid Affandi, Cholichul Hadi, Nur Ainy Fardana, Mohd Nazri Bin Abdul Rahman

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.