Effectiveness of Scaffolding Strategies in Learning Against Decrease in Mathematics Anxiety Level

Article Info Abstract Article History Received: 23-02-2020 This study is a mixture of quantitative and qualitative with sequential explanatory designs. The study aims to (1) analyze the improvement of student achievement in learning after scaffolding, (2) evaluate the level of students 'mathematics anxiety, and (3) describe the role of scaffolding in changing students' perceptions of mathematics anxiety in classroom learning. Sampling through random sampling techniques obtained by students of class X-IPA-1 and X-IPA-2 in SMA Negeri 6 Semarang. Quantitative data analysis uses statistical test techniques: normality test, paired sample t-test, and N-gain test. Qualitative data analysis through interactive methods namely data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. Data validation techniques through the source and method triangulation. The results showed that (1) there was an increase in student learning achievement after the application of the scaffolding strategy by 33.0% to 34.5%; (2) there was a decrease in the level of mathematics anxiety in students by 90.4%; (3) through scaffolding, students succeed in reflecting and correcting mistakes in solving previous problems. This means scaffolding can be an effective strategy to help students move across different Zones of Proximal Development (ZPD). The scaffolding strategy has also created a positive classroom environment that encourages students to learn mathematics without fear. Revised: 14-05-2020 Accepted: 16-05-2020


INTRODUCTION
Learning is an active interaction process between learners and instructor that does not happen in an empty space. Various characteristics of student and school background have created context as factors to influence the learning process and outcomes. The factors are mostly under teacher or school control. Mathematics in its true meaning is a science of space and quantity assisting to solve problems that require calculation and critical thinking [1]. Basically, mathematics learning is an effort to accommodate students to acquire mathematical knowledge, skill, interest and attitude [2]. Mathematics learning could influence the attitude in which the learner uses the knowledge practically [3][4] [5].
Mastering skills in mathematics is often considered as special skills and more prestigious than any other skills in other fields. Moreover, there is such a public assumption that a student is not clever if the mathematics score is not good. Some students then have such mathematical anxiety toward the assumption. The mathematical anxiety is defined in any kinds of literatures as a feeling of anxiety (worry), tension, apprehension and fear experienced by a person in a situation involving mathematical problem-solving in daily life and academic situation [6]- [8].
Students are required to be competent in mathematics. Unfortunately, it is not followed by teacher performance in mathematics learning at school. A few teachers provide unattractive learning, lack of motivation and challenge, and only focusing on the problem-solving procedure, but less notice on affective aspects that support the mathematics learning successfulness [9]. It is because the conventional learning centring on the teacher only increase students' anxiety level and decrease their interest and disposition in mathematics learning [9], [10]. From the students' perspective, high hopes voiced for the teacher to help them learn mathematics successfully, reduce anxiety and increase self-confidence through teacher's assistance and support in mathematics performance. The mathematics anxiety begins with negative experience toward mathematics or the teacher [12]- [14].
Scaffolding is a teaching strategy that describes a process of supporting students to acquire goals of learning or, in short, to help students succeed in learning [14], [15]. Scaffolding is learning assistance by a teacher to students who have obstacles in learning. The learning will be more effective if the teacher could help to develop the students' cognitive structure for their independent learning someday [10]. Vygotskian suggested that instructors should effectively cope with each student's zona of proximal development (ZPD) through scaffolding [17].
Scaffolding is given when students conduct a reflection process on their work by directing their initial knowledge to solve problems they have [10]. Stages of conducting scaffolding strategy in learning are described below.

Figure 1. Steps in Scaffolding Strategy
Purposes of this study specifically are to (1) analyze the improvement of student's learning achievement after having scaffolding in learning, (2) evaluate the level of students' mathematics anxiety before and after gaining scaffolding treatment in learning, and (3) identify the role of scaffolding in changing students' perception toward mathematics learning.

RESEARCH METHOD
The authors designed this study by collaborating quantitative and qualitative methods within a sequential explanatory design [18]. Through random sampling technique, samples were collected from X-IPA-1 and X-IPA-2 classes in State Senior High School 6 Semarang. Both classes acquired similar treatment; cooperative learning with scaffolding strategy. Participants in this study consisted of a mathematics instructor teaching in X-IPA-1 and X-IPA-2 based on the timetable and an observer. The authors conducted data collection from January to March 2019.
Methods used in the data collection are written test, questionnaire, and interview. The written test is a formative test given twice, in the second and fourth meeting. It contained trigonometry within 5 question items. The questionnaire is about the level of mathematics anxiety given to students before and after learning with scaffolding. It contained 30 question items developed based on indicators of mathematics anxiety [8]. It was arranged based on a Likert scale from 1 to 4.
The authors selected some students as interview subjects through purposive technique. An in-depth interview was conducted to collect information about student mathematics anxiety level before and after learning within a scaffolding strategy. To measure the level of mathematics anxiety, the authors used criteria as described in Table 1.  [3], [9]. Analysis of quantitative data in this study used a statistic test technique: sample normality test, paired sample t-test, and N-gain test. Analysis of qualitative data used interactive method i.e., data collection, data reduction, data display, and drawing conclusion. Data validation techniques used to source and method triangulation [18].

The following is an example of a trigonometry question in the formative test in class:
Rossy is going to measure the wide of the river without crossing. He measures as follows: He stands in point A and measures the angle to point C across the river as 50 0 . Then, he steps right as far as 300 meters and stands on point B. From point B, he measures the angle to point C as 30 0 . Help Rossyto measure the wide of the river!

RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The original data of samples was obtained from scores of the first formative test in X-IPA-1 and X-IPA-2. Before conducting the learning with scaffolding, the data normality had been tested with the significance level as  = 0.075 > 0.05 which meant that the sample was from a normaly distributed population. The first scores were compared to the second formative test scores through the implementation of a scaffolding strategy. Statistic description of test scores before and after learning with scaffolding is as displayed in Table 2. Based on Table 2, the authors conducted an analysis of Paired Samples t-Test and obtained that value of significant (Sig.2-tailed) = 0,000 < 0,05 so H o was rejected, which meant that there was a difference between scores of student learning outcome before ( 1  ) and after ( 2  )following the learning with scaffolding in X-IPA-1and X-IPA-2. Thus, to determine the percentage of increase in the average score of learning achievement, the authors conducted Normality-gain (Ngain) test [19]. Interpretation of normalized N-gain index from Table 2 indicated that there was increase in a average score of students' learning achievement in X-IPA-1 after having learned with scaffolding strategy as 33.6%, and in X-IPA-2 as 33.0%. The increase of scores was quite significant, so the learning with scaffolding was arguably quite effective to improve student achievement in learning [15], [19]. The following is an example of a student (S.3) answer while solving trigonometry question before and after the implementation of scaffolding in learning (see Figure 2).  Figure 2, the authors had identified 3 errors by the student while solving the problem and decoded them with code (k 1 ), (k 2 ), and (k 3 ). The teacher actually believed that the student had the potential to fix the thinking process as Vygotsky theory about Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). Moreover, the teacher gave a chance to student to reflect on what he had done and scaffolding as needed. The following is an excerpt of an interview between the teacher and student (S.3) while having a reflection.

Teacher
: Did you realize that your answer was incorrect? Student (S.3) : I did, Sir, but I had no idea which one was the error. Teacher : Look at the codes k 1 , k 2 , and k 3 on your work. Student(S. : Very good, that is a correct step to find the x.

Student(S.3)
: After the x is found, I am going to input it into the equation y = x. tgn 50 )0 to obtain the wide of the river.
Considering the interview between teacher and student (S.3) indicated that the teacher had implemented scaffolding to help students fix the error. The scaffolding was given by the teacher through limited directions or keywords. After reflection process and scaffolding from the teacher, the student could easily understand the problem and got errors no more [15], [20], [21], [11]. The following is an example of student answer after receiving scaffolding from the teacher (Figure 3). Revision: Statistic description of student mathematics anxiety questionnaire before and after following the learning with scaffolding strategy is presented in Table 3 below. Considering that this questionnaire just identified the mathematics anxiety at school, the aspect number 2 (parents' anxiety factor) was neglected. Table 3 indicated that average score of student mathematics anxiety before the learning with scaffolding was on high category (3.78). After the teacher implemented scaffolding in the learning, the anxiety decreased on moderate category (1.71) with average decrease as 2.07 point.
Result of interpretation on normalized N-gain index fromTable 3 indicated that there was a dcrease of student anxiety score after having a learning with scaffolding as 90.4%.The decrease percentage was greatly significant, so the learning with scaffolding was arguably quite effective to reduce the student mathematics anxiety.
Reconsidering Table 3, it could be said that, before the implementation of scaffolding in learning, the most significant factors of mathematics anxiety were (1) Subject perception on mathematics, (2) content (material), and (3) mathematics teacher. However, after the scaffolding implementation, all factors of mathematics anxiety decreased significantly. The scaffolding gave to students to reflect their work and led them to initial knowledge to solve problems they had [10] and also improved positive disposition toward mathematics [16], [23].
In order to collect further information about mathematics anxiety and disposition toward the implementation of scaffolding in learning, the authors asked some questions in an interview.  Students' response toward question 1 in the previous excerpt indicated that their anxiety toward mathematics was caused by the teacher. They were afraid of the teacher would get mad at their error. They implicitly mentioned the teacher as the source of their in comfort [3] [9]. Nevertheless, there was a student (S.4) felt quite challenged to present the solution in front of the class. : I should prepare myself by studying more to succeed.
Result of student response toward question 2 indicated that students still considered mathematics was the cause of their anxiety while having national exam or test. A perception saying that mathematics is a difficult subject still becomes an obstacle for students to succeed in studying mathematics. Furthermore, they should construct the perception to consider mathematics is just similar to any other subject and hard work will bring success to increase learning achievement [6]. : The teacher took care of me so much. I was so helped by the teacher's guidance, so I did no errors. Student3 (S.3) : I was much helped to be a mathematician. I could find the solution with a few assistance from the teacher. Student4 (S. 4) It was quite helpful for me to confirm my answer to the teacher. I felt he opened my mind.
Result of student response toward question 3 indicated that the teacher had provided a well-conducted scaffolding, by guiding the students of giving key instructions, signs, questions and correction, so they could easily step or develop to higher thinking process [11], [21]. After scaffolding implementation, the students could conduct reflection and revise the previous errors [11]. It meant that scaffolding has become a useful strategy to help students develop through different Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) [15], [20], [21]. Student response toward question 4 suggested that the teacher had an opportunity to break negative stereotypes and myths about mathematics teachers who seemed to be unconcerned or insensitive toward the student obstacle. Scaffolding also helped to create a positive circumstance in the classroom so it could become a motivation for students to study mathematics without fear [24]. The teacher also had an opportunity to motivate students to believe that things such as gender stereotype and mathematics nature must not restrict their choices to learn mathematics. It could be done by being friendly and open [24].
Based on the result and discussion of the study, it could be summed up that implementation of scaffolding steps could run correctly and effectively for students. While implementing the scaffolding, the teacher concerned and appreciated ideas from students then led them to the kinds of decisions and choices that they should make to develop and repair ideas [15], [21]. The scaffolding was successful because the teacher and students could put themselves in the correct position. Role of the teacher was as the source, facilitator, and the one to monitor student activities in the learning to run well.
While implementing scaffolding to students, the observer found that the teacher also provided contingency assistance, based on the need and/or obstacle the students had. There was a switch of student thinking process in the reflection stage after having scaffolding assistance. It meant that the scaffolding could become a useful strategy to help students step through different Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) [15], [20], [21]. Scaffolding involves active support from the teacher for students while they are working on tasks that could not be done alone. Scaffolding could be reduced or even stopped if the students start to be able to construct their own knowledge [15], [20], [21].

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
Conclusion of this study is that mathematics learning within scaffolding is was effective to improve student learning achievement and decrease the level of students' mathematics anxiety. By scaffolding, the students succeeded to conduct a reflection and revise the errors while solving problems. It meant that the scaffolding could become a useful strategy to help students step through different Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). Scaffolding strategy had created a positive circumstance in the classroom so it could motivate students to study mathematics without fear and anxiety.
Furthermore, the authors suggest that teacher could reduce students' mathematics anxiety and learning obstacles through active learning within scaffolding strategy. The scaffolding