The Problem of Relativism and Its Implication on Contemporary Issues in Islam Based on Al-Attas’ Worldview Theory
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25217/jf.v8i1.3235Keywords:
Al-Attas’ Worldview, Contemporary Issues, Relativism, Religion, SocialAbstract
The relativism problem –allegedly has become a frightening specter for a stable religious and social existence. Relativism which believes there is no absolute truth; the truth is relative, raises a problem by denying the existence of God's truth and declaring that human is the measure of all things. Even though human statements, when viewed from this review, also become very relatively charged. Therefore, an in-depth study of relativism and its implication for Islam must be investigated. This paper tried to provide a solution problem of relativism by using the worldview theory from Al-Attas, which can guide humans to know the direction and purpose of their behavior in viewing actual reality. The authors used a qualitative research method, collected data on the issues raised from various reading sources such as books and journals, and analyzed data using Al-Attas' theory. Critical analysis methods supported by solid historical reviews found that this understanding of relativism triggered other notions that deconstructed the truth claims of Islam as a complete religion and messed up fixed Sharia law 'śawābit'. Relativism is the root cause of multi-dimensional problems, especially religion and social issues. Therefore, the existence of an ideal moral measure that is universal is necessary and manifest.
References
Al-Attas, S. M. N. (2001). Risalah Untuk Kaum Muslimin. ISTAC. Google
Al-Attas, S. M. N. (2014). Prolegomena to the Metaphysics of Islam: An Exposition of the Fundamental Elements of the Worldview of Islam. UTM Press. Google
Al-Attas, S. M. N. (2019a). Islam: Paham Agama dan Asas Akhlak. Ta’dib International. Google
Al-Attas, S. M. N. (2019b). Islam and Secularism. Ta’dib International. Google
Al-Attas, S. M. N. (2019c). Tinjauan Ringkas Peri Ilmu dan Pandangan Alam. Ta’dib International. Google
Al-Ghazali, M. (1997). Qadzaif al-Haq. Daar al-Qolam. Google
Ali, M. (2003). Teologi Pluralis-Multikultural: Menghargai kemajemukan Menjalin Kebersamaan. PT Kompas Media Nuasantara. Google
Arif, S. (2008). Orientalisme dan Diabolisme Pemikiran. Gema Insani. Google
Armour, B. (2021). Deflationism About Truth. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Google
Ashton, N. A. (2021). Chapter 3 Extended Rationality and Epistemic Relativism (pp. 55–72). Brill. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004465534_004
Audi, R. (1999). The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, Second Edition. Cambridge University Press. Google
Azhary, M. T. (2015). Beberapa Aspek Hukum Tata Negara, Hukum Pidana dan Hukum Islam. Kencana. Google
Bagus, L. (1996). Kamus Filsafat. Gramedia. Google
Bayan, L. N. (2010). Kritik Studi al-Qur’an Nashr Hamid Abu Zaid. Cios-Isid Gontor. Google
Benedict, R. (1934). Patterns of Culture. Garland Publishing. Google
Blaackburn, S. (2005). Oxford: Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press. Google
Boghossian, P. (2012). Reply to Amini and Caldwell, “Boghossian’s Refutation of Relativism.” International Journal for the Study of Skepticism, 2(1), 45–49. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1163/221057012X637077
Browers, M., & Kurzman, C. (2004). An Islamic Reformation? Lexington Books. Google
Chandra, X. (2012). Menanggapi Relativisme dalam Seksualitas Tinjauan Moral Katolik. In X. C. A. Widyawan (Ed.), Menanggapi Relativisme. Prosiding Simposium Filsafat III. Google
Chappell, S.-G. (2019). Plato on Knowledge in the Theaetetus. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Google
Coliva, A. (2021). Chapter 5 Hinges, Radical Skepticism, Relativism and Alethic Pluralism (pp. 97–117). Brill. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004465534_006
Damyati, A. R. (2020). Agar Tak Salah Jalan: Autobigrafi Intelektual Al-Imam Al-Ghazali (w.505/111). InPas Surabaya.
Dascal. (2021). Cultural Relativism and Philosophy: North and Latin American Perspectives. Brill. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004451612
de Ronde, C., & Massri, C. (2023). Relational quantum entanglement beyond non-separable and contextual relativism. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 97, 68–78. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2022.11.005
Denzim, & Lincoln. (1994). Handbook of Qualitative Research. Thausan Oaks-Sage Publications. Google
Donald, & Borchert, M. (2006). Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Thompson Gale. Google
Donaldson, T. (1992). The Ethics of International Bussiness. Oxford Universitiy Press. Google
Farid, M. (2018). Fenomenologi: Dalam Penelitian Ilmu Sosial. Prenadamedia Group. Google
Fatih, M. K. (2018). Dinamika Universalitas Dan Relativisme Dalam Hak Asasi Manusia. Jurnal Komunikasi Dan Penyiaran Islam, 2(2), 95–102. https://ejournal.iai-tabah.ac.id/index.php/alamtaraok/article/view/338
Fauzi, F. F. (2018). Problem Doktrin Relativisme (Studi Kritis Pemikiran Cendekiawan Muslim Indonesia). Tasfiyah, 2(2), 245. https://doi.org/10.21111/tasfiyah.v2i2.2576
Fauziah, S. A. B. N., Zaid, A. H., Zarkasyi, A. H., Mahmudi, I., & Yasin, A. (2021). Analysis Of Textbook “Aku Cinta Bahasa Arab” : Cognitive of Taxonomy’s Bloom تحليل الكتاب املدرس ي"Arab Bahasa Cinta Aku" اإلدراك من بلوم التصنيف. Ijaz Arabi: Journal of Arabic Learning, 4(2), 228–241. https://doi.org/10.18860/ijazarabi.v4i2.10826
Fleischacker, S. (2021). Integrity and Moral Relativism. Brill. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004451643
Forsyth, D. R., & O’Boyle, E. H. (2011). Rules, standards, and ethics: Relativism predicts cross-national differences in the codification of moral standards. International Business Review, 20(3), 353–361. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2010.07.008
Glapka, E. (2018). Veiled or veiling? – Turning back the gaze on the Western feminist. Understanding hijab from the socio-culturally located positions of knowing. Women’s Studies International Forum, 71, 103–113. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2018.07.008
Hallaq, W. B. (2000). A History of Islamic Legal Theories: an Introduction to Sunni Ushul Fiqh (E. Kusnadiningrat (ed.)). PT Raja Grafindo Persada. Google
Hasib, K. (2018). Filsafat Perennialisme Hossein Nasr dan Ideologi Kesatuan Agama-Agama. Inpas Online. Google
Heit, H. (2016). Reasons for relativism: Feyerabend on the ‘Rise of Rationalism’ in ancient Greece. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A, 57, 70–78. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2015.11.007
Heller, L. (2016). Between relativism and pluralism: Philosophical and political relativism in Feyerabend’s late work. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A, 57, 96–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SHPSA.2015.11.011
Hidayati, N., & Huriyah, H. (2022). Nilai-Nilai Sosial Tradisi Mawarung dalam Perspektif Islam di Kalimantan Selatan. Al-Banjari, 21(1), 54–65. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.18592/al-banjari.v21i1.6053
Hume, D. (1972). A Dialogue. In A. MacIntyre (Ed.), Hume’s Ethical Writings. MacMilan Press. Google
Husaini, A. (2018). Wajah Peradaban Barat: Dari Hegemoni Kristen Ke Dominasi Sekular-Liberal (2nd ed.). Gema Insani. Google
Husaini, A., & Shalahuddin, H. (2004). Studi Komparatif : Konsep Al_Qur’an Nashr Hamid Abu Zayd dan Mu’tazilah. Islamia: Jurnal Pemikiran Dan Peradaban Islam, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.24239/jsi.v13i1.414.67-89
Ichwan, M. N. (1999). A New Horizon in Qur’anic Hermeneutics: Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd’s Contribution to Critical Qur’anic Scholarship. Leiden University. Google
Ichwan, M. N. (2001). Al-Qur’an Sebagai Teks (Teori Teks dalam Hermeneutik al-Qur’an Nashr Hamid Abu Zayd). ESENSIA, 2(1). Google
Ihsan, N. H., Perdana, M. P., & Sutoyo, Y. (2022). The Concept of Suhrawardi’s Hudhuri Epistemology and Its Relevance to the Contemporary Challenges. Dialogia: Jurnal Studi Islam Dan Sosial, 20(1). https://doi.org/DOI: https://doi.org/10.21154/dialogia.v20i1.3364
Ismail, M. Z. Bin. (2016). Aqal Dalam Islam: Satu Tinjauan Epistemologi. Institut Kefahaman Islam Malaysia. Google
James W. Sire. (2009). Naming The Elephant; Worldview as a Concept. InterVarsity Press Academic. Google
Jeenah, N. (2006). The national liberation struggle and Islamic feminisms in South Africa. Women’s Studies International Forum, 29(1), 27–41. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2005.10.004
Ji, F. Y. (2014). Talking Past Each Other: Chinese and Western Discourses on Ethnic Conflict. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 155, 434–441. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.10.318
Kaelan. (2012). Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif interdisipliner bidang Sosial, Budaya, Filsafat, Seni, Agama dan Humaniora. Paradigma. Google
Kountur, R. (2009). Metode Penelitian Untuk Penulisan Skripsi dan Tesis. Buana Printing. Google
Krausz, M. (2018). Chapter 9 Relativisms (pp. 165–177). Brill. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004388017_011
Madjid, N. (n.d.). Pergeseran Pengertian “Sunnah” Ke “Hadits”: Implikasinya Dalam Pengembangan Syari’ah. Paramadina.
Maksum, A. (2014). Pengantar Filsafat: Dari masa Klasik Hingga Postmodernisme. Ar-Ruzz Media. Google
Massimi, M., & De Bianchi, S. (2013). Cartesian echoes in Kant’s philosophy of nature. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A, 44(3), 481–492. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2012.10.011
Maurya, R. K. (2021). Revisiting Rorty’s Notion of Truth. Contemporary Pragmatism, 18(4), 459–465. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1163/18758185-bja10020
Merriam-Webster. (1828). Definition Relativism. Google
Mu’ammar, M. A., & Hasa, A. W. (2013). Studi Islam Perspektif Insider/outsider. IRCiSoD. Google
Mudzar, M. A. (1992). Pendekatan Studi Islam dalam Teori dan Praktek. Pustaka Pelajar. Google
Muqtafa, M. K. (2003). Membincang Fiqh al-Mar’ah ala Shahrur. Tashwirul Afkar : Jurnal Refleksi Pemikiran Keagamaan Dan Kebudayaan, 14. Google
Muslih, M., Perdana, M. P., & Sutoyo, Y. (2022). Dimensions of Islamization in the Development of Science. Kalam, 16(1). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24042/klm.v16i1.9888
Nasr, S. H. (1994). Ideals and Realities of Islam. ABC International Group. Google
Nasr, S. H. (1998). Knowledge and Sacred. Suhail Academy. Google
Nazir, M. (2014). Metode Penelitian. Penerbit Ghalia Indonesia. Google
Neufeldt, V. (1996). Websters New World College Dictionary. MacMilan Press. Google
Nuriz, M. A. F., Faruqi, A. R. H. Al, & Perdana, M. P. (2021). Problem Pluralisme Agama di Indonesia (Telaah Kritis Pemikiran Prof. Harun Nasution). Kalimah, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.21111/klm.v19i1.6366
Oktaviandra, S. (2022). The Existence of Cultural Relativism and Its Approach on Different Function of Human Capabilities; A Case from Indonesia. Nurani Hukum, 5(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.51825/nhk.v5i1.15039
Österman, T. (2021). Cultural relativism and understanding difference. Language & Communication, 80, 124–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.LANGCOM.2021.06.004
Pojman, L. (1996). Philosophy: The Quest for Truth. CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company. Google
Pojman, L. P. (1996). Westermarck. In R. Audi (Ed.), The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy. Cambridge University Press. Google
Rahardjo, M. (2014). Analisis Muatan Sebagai Metode Pengukuran. In N. Martono (Ed.), Metode Penelitian Kualitatif Analisis Isi dan Analisis Data Sekunder. PT Raja Grafindo Persada. Google
Rahardjo, M. (2020). Pengantar Metodologi Penelitian: Studi Kasus, Metode Campuran (Mixed Methods), Penelitian dan Pengembangan (R&D). CV. Madza Media.
Raschid, M. S. (1983). Knowledge and the sacred, The Gifford Lectures: Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Edinburgh University Press 1981, ix + 341 pp. £11. Religion, 13(2), 155–171. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-721X(83)90036-2
Santoso, L. (2014). Seri Pemikiran Tokoh: Epistemologi Kiri (A.-R. Media (ed.)). Google
Schleiermacher, F. D. E. (1992). General Heurmeneutics. In K. Mueller-Vollmer (Ed.), The Hermeneutics Reader: Texts of the German Tradition from the Enlightment to the Present. The Continuum Publishing Company. Google
Scott Davis, G. (2009). Richard Rorty and the pragmatic turn in the study of religion. Religion, 39(1), 69–82. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.religion.2008.12.001
Shin, Y. (2021). Externalism, Warrant, and the Question of Relativism: A Plantingian Assist to Smith. Pneuma, 43(1), 94–114. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1163/15700747-bja10006
Shomali, M. A. (2011). The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy. Shadra Press. Google
Shuon, F. (1993). Islam dan Filsafat Perenial. Mizan. Google
Statkiewicz, M. (2018). “Feeling of Thought”: Nietzsche’s and Dostoevskii’s Experience with Nihilism. Russian Literature, 95, 1–32. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ruslit.2018.01.001
Subhan, Z. (1999). Tafsir Kebencian Studi Bias Gender dalam Tafsir Qur’an. LKiS. Google
Sukidi. (2009). Nasr Hāmid Abū Zayd and the Quest for a Humanistic Hermeneutics of the Qur’ān. Die Welt Des Islams, 49(2), 181–211. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1163/157006009X458393
Susanti, S. E. (2017). Konsep Kebenaran, Relativisme dan Pluralisme Agama. Humanistika: Jurnal Keislaman, 3(7), 149–200. https://doi.org/10.36835/humanistika.v3i2.159
Syahrur, M. (1990). al-Kitab wa al-Qur’an: Qira’ah Mu’ashirah. al-Ahali. Google
Syahrur, M. (2000). Nahwa Ushul Jadidah Li al-Fiqh al-Islami; fiqh al-mar’ah. al-Ahali. Google
Syahrur, M. (2003). Tirani Islam; Genealogi Masyarakat dan Negara (S. Z. Qudsy (ed.)). LkiS. Google
Syahrur, M. (2004). Prinsip dan Dasar Hermeneutika al-Qur’an Kontemporer (S. Syamsuddin (ed.)). eLSAQ Press. Google
Syahrur, M. (2008). Dirasah Islamiyyah: Nahw Ushul Jadidah Li al-Fiqh al-Islami (S. Syamsuddin (ed.)). eLSAQ Press. Google
Teichman, J. (1998). Etika Sosial (A. Sudiarja (ed.)). KANISIUS. Google
Thoha, A. M. (2007). Tren Pluralisme Agama: Tinjauan Kritis. Anggota IKAPI. Google
Trisakti, S. B. (2017). Incommensurability Thomas Samuel Kuhn Dalam Perspektif Relativisme Dan Relevansinya Bagi Pengembangan Ilmu Di Indonesia. Universitas Gajah Mada. Google
Wadud, A. (1999). Qur’an and Woman, Reading The Sacred Text from a Woman’s Prespective. Oxford Universitiy Press. Google
Wadud, A. (2001). Qur’an Menurut Perempuan: Meluruskan Bias Gender dalam Tradisi Tafsir (A. Ali (ed.)). PT Serambi Ilmu Semesta. Google
Wadud, A. (2006). Inside the Gender Jihad: Womens’s Reform in Islam. Oneworld. Google
Wardani, W. (2020). Revisionisme Studi Al-Qur`an Di Barat: Pendekatan, Tipologi, Dan Relasi Pengetahuan-Kuasa Dalam Kajian David S. Powers Tentang Ayat-Ayat Waris. Al-Banjari : Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-Ilmu Keislaman, 19(2), 216. https://doi.org/10.18592/al-banjari.v19i2.3826
Zaid, N. H. A. (2007). Al-Imam al-Syafi wa Ta’sisu al-Idiyulujiyyah al-Wasatiyyah. al-Markaz al-Tsaqafi al-‘Arabi. Google
Zaprulkhan, Z. (2020). The The Significance of Internal and External Relativism For Religious Harmony. Mawa’Izh: Jurnal Dakwah Dan Pengembangan Sosial Kemanusiaan, 11(2), 14–28. https://doi.org/10.32923/maw.v11i2.1467
Zarkasyi, H. F. (2012). Misykat: Refleksi Tentang Westernisasi, Liberalisasi, dan Islam. INSIST-MIUMI. Google
Zayd, N. H. A. (1990). Mafhum al-Nass. Al-Hai’ah al-Misriyyah al-‘Ammah Li al-Kutub. Google
Zayd, N. H. A. (2007). Naqd al-Khitthab al-Dini. al-Markaz al-Tsaqafi al-‘Arabi. Google
Zhang, P., Cheng, X., Su, S., & Wang, N. (2023). Effective truth discovery under local differential privacy by leveraging noise-aware probabilistic estimation and fusion. Knowledge-Based Systems, 261, 110213. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2022.110213
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Mohammad Muslih, Ahmad Faizin Soleh, Martin Putra Perdana, Ach Fuad Fahmi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
