The Authority of Policy: Transitioning from Traditionalist to Modernist Moderate in Saudi Arabia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25217/jf.v9i1.4778Keywords:
Authority, Moderate, Modern, Saudi Arabia, TraditionalistAbstract
Saudi Arabia has long been known for its rigidity and conservative image, influenced by the close relationship between the kingdom and religious leaders. However, in the twenty-first century, Saudi Arabia began to embrace a more modern and moderate direction, moving away from conservatism and traditionalism. This shift is attributed to the Saudi reform policy, known as Saudi Vision 2030, which has had a significant impact on the country's social, cultural, and religious aspects. As a result, the authority of the Saudi kingdom has strengthened, while the authority of religious leaders has diminished. The research utilizes Plato's theory of authority and the modernization theory of Evsey Domar and Roy Harrod, combined with a socio-political approach, to analyze the policy authority of the Saudi kingdom and its impact on other sectors. The findings of the research indicate that the 21st century marked the beginning of socio-cultural changes in Saudi society, spearheaded by King Salman ibn Abdul Aziz and his son, Muhammad ibn Salman. The authority they wielded allowed for transformative ideas that aimed to modernize the conservative country. The introduction of Saudi Vision 2030 has brought about significant changes, including a shift towards modernist policies in social, political, and religious matters. Examples of these changes include increased freedoms for women, decreased reliance on oil in economic policies, the development of tourist attractions and entertainment venues, and greater equality in education and employment opportunities.
References
Abisaab, F. (2023). Saudi-Iranian Relations: Burdens of the Past and Prerequisites for the Future. Contemporary Arab Affairs, 16(2), 115–120. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1163/17550920-bja00010
Adriansah, A. (2021). Peran Politik Muhammad Bin Salman Dalam Modernisasi Menuju Visi 2030 Arab Saudi. Repository. Google
Apter, D. E. (1985). Pengantar Analisa Politik. LP3ES. Google
Agastya. (2013). Arab Spring Badai Timur Tengah yang Penuh Darah. IRCiSod. Google
Agius, D. A., Khalil, E., Scerri, E., & Williams, A. (2017). Human Interaction with the Environment in the Red Sea: Selected Papers of Red Sea Project VI. Brill. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004330825
Ahmad, F. (2018). Pemilihan Umum Dewan Kota Arab Saudi 2005. Nady Al-Adab, 15(2), 10. https://doi.org/10.20956/jna.v15i2.10613
Al-Asymawy, M. S. (2004). Mu’alim Islam. al-Intishar al-‘Arabi. Google
Al-Atawneh, M. (2009). Is Saudi Arabia a Theocracy? Religion and Governance in Contemporary Saudi Arabia. Middle Eastern Studies, 45(5), 721–737. https://doi.org/10.1080/00263200802586105
Al-Zwaini, L., & Peters, R. (1994). Chapter Twenty Seven Saudi Arabia (pp. 196–201). Brill. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004492660_056
Alajmi, M., Mohammadian, M., & Talukder, M. (2023). The determinants of smart government systems adoption by public sector organizations in Saudi Arabia. Heliyon, 9(10), e20394. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20394
Ali, M. (2021). Arah Kebijakan Militer Arab Saudi di Bawah Komando Mohammed Bin Salman (MBS) Menghadapi Visi Saudi 2030. Jurnal of Middle East and Islamic Studies, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.7454/meis.v8i2.137
Alnaim, M. M., Albaqawy, G., Bay, M., & Mesloub, A. (2023). The impact of generative principles on the traditional Islamic built environment: The context of the Saudi Arabian built environment. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 14(4), 101914. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2022.101914
Alrebh, A. F. (2017). A Wahhabi Ethic in Saudi Arabia: Power, Authority, and Religion in a Muslim Society. Sociology of Islam, 5(4), 278–302. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1163/22131418-00504001
Alsuwaikhat, Habib M, I. M. (2017). Keberlanjutan Penting dalam Visi Pembangunan Nasional – Bukti dari Visi Arab Saudi 2013. MDPI Publisher. Google
Anwar, A. (2016). Rasionalitas Riyadh dalam Dinamika Hubungan Saudi dan Amerika. Power in International Relations, 1(1), 1–12. Google
Arkoun, M. (1996). Pemikiran Arab. Pustaka Pelajar Offset. Google
Budiman, A. (1995). Teori Pembangunan Dunia Ketiga. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Google
Burdah, I. (2020). Quo Vadis Dunia Arab Kontemporer? In Universitas Islam Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta (p. 234). Google
Derajat, A. Z., & Kurniawan, T. (2021). Saudi Vision 2030 dan Kebijakan Reformasi Pada Kerajaan Arab Saudi. Global and Policy Journal of International Relations, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.33005/jgp.v9i1.2465
Dipoyudo, K. (1981). Pusaran Strategis Dunia Timur Tengah. CSIS. Google
Esposito, J. L. (1990). Islam dan Politik. Bulan bintang. Google
Fauzan, P. I., & Fata, A. K. (2018). Model Penerapan Syariah dalam Negara Modern (Studi Kasus Arab Saudi, Iran, Turki, dan Indonesia). Al-Manahij: Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam, 12(1), 51–70. https://doi.org/10.24090/mnh.v12i1.1328
Guettabi, M., & James, A. (2020). Who benefits from an oil boom? Evidence from a unique Alaskan data set. Resource and Energy Economics, 62, 101200. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reseneeco.2020.101200
Haif, A. (2015). Perkembangan Islam di Arab Saudi (Studi Sejarah Islam Modern). Jurnal Rihlah, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.24252/rihlah.v3i01.1357
Hamim, T. (2004). Islam dan NU di bawah Tekanan Problematikan Kontemporer: Dialektika Kehidupan Politik, agama, Pendidikan dan Sosial Masyarakat Muslim. Diantama. Google
Hendropriyono. (2009). Terorisme, Fundamentalis Keristen, Yahudi, Islam. Kompas. Google
Hibatul Wafi, M. (2018). Diskursus Reformasi Arab Saudi: Kontestasi Kerajaan Saudi Dan Wahabi. Journal of Islamic World and Politics, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.18196/jiwp.2113
Hidriyah, S. (2016). Reformasi Ekonomi Arab Saudi. Pusat Kajian Badan Keahlian DPR RI Pers. Google
Hikmah, C. N. (2019). Reformasi Ekonomi Arab Saudi. Jakarta State University Press. https://journal.unj.ac.id/unj/index.php/periode/article/view/10480
Imam Wahyuddin. (2018). Perkembangan Islam Arab Saudi. Tasamuh: Jurnal Studi Islam, 10(2), 423–441. https://doi.org/10.47945/tasamuh.v10i2.81
Ismail, R., Lai, Y. M., Ayub, Z. A., Ahmad, A. R., & Wan, C. Da. (2016). Kingdom of Saudi Arabia BT - Higher Education in the Middle East and North Africa: Exploring Regional and Country Specific Potentials (Y. M. Lai, A. R. Ahmad, & C. Da Wan (Eds.); pp. 127–146). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1056-9_7
Izaqi, M. S. (2016). Pengaruh Kelompok Wahabi Terhadap Politik Luar Negeri Arab Saudi Dalam Arab Spring Di Mesir Tahun 2011-2013. Jurnal Analisis Hubungan Internasonal, 5(2), 387–398. Google
Jatmika, Sidik. (2016). Hubungan Internasional Kawasan Timur Tengah. Samudra Biru. Google
Juergensmeyer, M. (2015). Religious Nationalism and the Secular State (J. D. B. T.-I. E. of the S. & B. S. (Second E. Wright (Ed.); pp. 401–405). Elsevier. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.64006-0
Kamila, M. Z. (2022). Hukum Keluarga Di Saudi Arabia. Al-Ahwal Al-Syakhsiyyah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Dan Peradilan Islam, 2(2), 133–146. https://doi.org/10.15575/as.v2i2.14328
Khoiruddin. (1988). Al-Wajiz fi Siroti al-Malik ‘Abdil ‘Aziz. Darul ’Ilm. Google
Koç, M. A. (2019). Interpretation Of The Rise Of The Crown Prince Muhammad Bin Salman And Saudi Foreign Policy According To The Barakah Circle Theory. Journal of Islamicjerusalem Studies, 19(2), 165–180. https://doi.org/10.31456/beytulmakdis.518117
Mahoney, J., & Alboaouh, K. (2017). Religious and Political Authority in The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Challenges and Prospects. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 6(2), 241–257. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/mjss/issue/40510/485612
Mariani, A. (2021). Fenomena K-Pop di Arab Saudi: Pengaruh Reformasi Sosial terhadap Otoritas Keagamaan. Icmes, 5(1), 125–142. https://doi.org/10.35748/jurnalicmes.v5i1.98
Martin, C. (2017). Saya akan mengembalikan Arab Saudi ke Islam yang moderat, kata putra mahkota. Theguardian. Google
Mas’odi. (2020). Wahhabisme vis-à-vis Reformasi Arab Saudi: MBS, Agensi, Moderasi, dan Diverifikasi Ekonomi. Journal of Economics, 3, 52–76. https://doi.org/10.36835/al-irfan.v3i1.3792
Monica, E. M., & Theodora, R. (2019). Evaluasi Kebijakan Perlindungan Pmi/Pekerja Migran Internasional Sektor Informal Di Arab Saudi 2011-2018. Jurnal Studi Diplomasi Dan Keamanan, 11(1), 11–18. https://doi.org/10.26740/1.jsh.2019.1.2.4270
Murofikoh, D. I., Alfaridah, D. I., & Novita, N. (2022). Perbandingan Ideologi Negara Indonesia dengan Arab Saudi. JHHWS: Jurnal Hukum Dan HAM Wara Sains, 1(2), 188–196. https://doi.org/10.58812/jhhws.v2i03.252
Muttaqin, F. F. (2022). Perubahan Sosial Budaya Kerajaan Arab Saudi Sebagai Pengaruh Proxy War dalam Konflik Suriah Tahun 2011-2018. Himmah: Jurnal Kajian Islam Kontemporer, 6(1), 469–489. https://doi.org/10.47313/jkik.v6i1.1781
Nikolov, S. E. (2022). Political Theories (L. R. B. T.-E. of V. Kurtz Peace, & Conflict (Third Edition) (Ed.); pp. 521–538). Academic Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-820195-4.00194-1
Nurul Fajar, R. (2021). Dinamika Sosial Kedudukan Perempuan Di Arab Saudi Era Raja Salman. Takammul : Jurnal Studi Gender Dan Islam Serta Perlindungan Anak, 10(1), 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/takamul.v10i1.12600
Orbaşlı, A. (2017). The Historic Towns of Saudi Arabia’s Red Sea Coast: Tourism Development and Conservation (pp. 207–227). Brill. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004330825_011
Rachbini, D. J. (2006). Teori Ekonomi Politik dan Pilihan Publik. Ghalia Indonesia. Google
Rachmadie, C. T., & Ediyono, S. (2017). Reformasi Sistem Kebudayaan di Arab Saudi Masa Pemerintahan Raja Abdullah (2005-2015). Journal of Islamic Studies and Humanities, 2(1), 41–64. https://doi.org/10.18326/millati.v2i1.41-64
Rahayu, T. I. (2010). Teori Pembangunan Dunia Ke-3 Dalam Teori Modernisasi Sub Teori Harrod-Domar (Tabungan Dan Investasi). Gema Eksos, 6(1), 69–82. Google
Rahmania, N. (2019). Analisis Gaya Kepemimpinan Muhammad bin Salman. Universitas Airlangga. Google
Ramdhan, T. W. (2018). Dimensi Moderasi Islam. Al-Insyiroh: Jurnal Studi Keislaman, 2(2), 29–48. https://doi.org/10.35309/alinsyiroh.v2i2.3320
Ridwan, N. K. (2020). Kajian Kritis dan Komprehensif Sejarah Lengkap Wahabi, Perjalanan Panjang Sejarah, Doktrin, Amaliah, dan Pergulatannya. IRDiSod. Google
Rikadi, N. (2007). Mendeteksi Pengaruh Pasar Minyak Bumi Dunia Terhadap Krisis Harga. Business Management Journal, 3(2), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.30813/bmj.v3i2.341
Roji, F. (2017). Kebijakan Ruang Publik Perempuan: Agenda Politik Double Interest Saudi. International Journal Ihya’ ‘Ulum Al-Din, 19(2), 271–284. https://doi.org/10.21580/ihya.19.2.2162
Rosida, A. (2018). Wacana Modernisasi Dalam Tantangan Peradaban, Peran Perempuan Sebagai Tonggak Sejarah Arab Saudi. Palita: Journal of Social-Religion Research, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.24256/pal.v3i1.195
Ruslin, I. T. (2013). Memetakan Konflik di Timur Tengah (Tinjauan Geografi Politik). Jurnal Politik Profetik, 1, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.24252/profetik.v1i1a4
Sahid, K. (2011). Memahami Sosiologi Politik. Ghalia Indonesia. Google
Samin, N. (2018). Saudi Primary Education and the Formation of Modern Wahhabism. Die Welt Des Islams, 58(4), 442–460. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1163/15700607-00584P02
Sarah, siti, Nana Fitiana, Elza Ramona, Y. F. A. (2023). Modernisasi Arab Saudi Era Muhammad Bin Salman. Substantia: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Ushuluddin, 25(151–165). http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/substantia.v25i2.19688
Sihbudi, R. (1991). Dunia Arab, Iran, Bara Timur Tengah. Mizan. Google
Sihbudi, R. D. (1995). Profil Negara Timur Tengah. Dunia Pustaka Jaya. Google
Sjadzali, M. (1990). Islam dan Tata Negara: Ajaran, Sejarah, dan Pemikiran. UI-Press. Google
Soekanto, Sarjono, S. M. (2006). Penelitian Hukum Normatif. RajaGrafindo Persada. Google
Solihah, R. (2016). Pola Relasi Bisnis Dan Politik Di Indonesia Masa Reformasi: Kasus Rent Seeking. Jurnal Wacana Politik, 1(1), 41–52. https://doi.org/10.24198/jwp.v1i1.10546
Stefanovic, D., Marjanovic, U., Delić, M., Culibrk, D., & Lalic, B. (2016). Assessing the success of e-government systems: An employee perspective. Information & Management, 53(6), 717–726. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2016.02.007
Surahman, Mochamad Rachmat, S. supardi. (2016). Metode Penelitian. Pusdik SDM Kesehatan. Google
Vassiliev, A. (1995). Tarikhul ‘Arobiyyah as-Su’udiyyah. Cambridge University. Google
Villanueva, E. (Ed.). (2014). Law and the philosophy of action. Editions Rodopi B.V. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789401210966
Warsito, A., & Wulandari, S. (1970). Konsep Pemerintahan Arab Saudi dan Kebijakan Visi 2030. Tanjak: Sejarah Dan Peradaban Islam, 2(3), 231–241. https://doi.org/10.19109/tanjak.v2i3.14024
Winarni, L., & Permana, A. P. Y. N. (2022). Saudi Vision 2030 and the Challenge of Competitive Identity Transformation in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Islamic World and Politics, 6(1), 104–121. https://doi.org/10.18196/jiwp.v6i1.14579
Yin, R. K. (2004). The Case Study Anthology. Sage. Google
Zahir, M. (2019). Kebijakan Arab Saudi Melakukan Intervensi Militer di Yaman dalam Perspektif Level Analisis Individu. Journal of International Relations, 5(2), 290–303. https://doi.org/10.14710/jirud.v5i2.23623
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Roro Fatikhin, Syihabuddin Qalyubi, Subaidi Subaidi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
