State Authority and Religious Contestation: Resistance to Governmental Decisions on Islamic Calendar Determination in Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25217/jf.v10i1.5159Keywords:
Government, Islamic Calendar, Religious Contestation, ResistanceAbstract
The dynamics surrounding the determination of the beginning of the Hijri calendar remain a persistent and relevant issue within the Indonesian Muslim community. One notable example is the public resistance that emerged in response to the government’s decision regarding 1 Shawwal, which was perceived to neglect input from various stakeholders. This study aims to explore the forms of resistance and identify the underlying factors contributing to this phenomenon. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, data were collected from online news sources and other relevant materials, then categorized and analyzed. The findings reveal that resistance occurs not only at the organizational and group levels but also at the individual level. Furthermore, the study highlights that an individual's level of literacy and mastery of scientific knowledge significantly influences their understanding and acceptance of the calendar decision. By applying Social Representation Theory, this study offers a novel contribution to the literature by shifting the focus from legal-astronomical debates to the sociocultural meanings and identities that shape public responses. This perspective fills a gap in previous studies and provides a more holistic understanding of calendar-related conflicts. The study recommends a more extensive public education effort by the government, including the integration of related knowledge into formal school curricula, as a strategic investment for fostering greater social harmony in the future.
References
Afrizal, A. (2019). Kontestasi Ruang; Tinjauan Sosiologis Keadilan Ekologis. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Mamangan, 1(1). Google
Akmaliah, W. (2020). The demise of moderate Islam: New media, contestation, and reclaiming religious authorities. Indonesian Journal of Islam and Muslim Societies. https://doi.org/10.18326/ijims.v10i1.1-24
Alief Khahfi Fhatoni, Purwoko, N. H. S. (2016). Perlawanan Masyarakat Luar Batang Jakarta Terhadap Kebijakan Revitalisasi Kawasan Pesisir Pada Tahun 2016. Fisip Undip. https://ejournal3.undip.ac.id/index.php/jpgs/article/view/16569/15946
Amri, R. (2016). Pemikiran Mohammad Ilyas Tentang Penyatuan Kalender Islam Internasional. Profetika: Jurnal Studi Islam. https://doi.org/10.23917/profetika.v17i01.2096
Anwar, S. (2016). Unified Islamic Calendar in the Perspective of Islamic Legal Philosophy. Al-Jami’ah. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2016.541.203-247
Aris, N. (2016). Dinamika Kriteria Penentuan Awal Bulan Qamariah Dalam Penanggalan Umm Al-Qura’ Saudi Arabia. Al-Ahkam: Jurnal Ilmu Syari’ah Dan Hukum, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.22515/al-ahkam.v1i1.97
Azhari, S. (2006). Karakteristik Hubungan Muhammadiyah dan NU dalam Menggunakan Hisab dan Rukyat. Al-Jami’ah: Journal of Islamic Studies. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2006.442.453-486
Azhari, S. (2015). Gagasan Menyatukan Umat Islam Indonesia Melalui Kalender Islam. AHKAM : Jurnal Ilmu Syariah. https://doi.org/10.15408/ajis.v15i2.2869
Azhari, S. (2020, April 7). Sidang Isbat di Tengah Wabah Corona. Google
BBC (2024). Mengapa Sidang Isbat Diusulkan Ditiadakan dan Apakah Masih Relevan? Google
Beritasatu.com. (2013, August 9). Sebut Umat Islam Indonesia Bodoh, Denny JA Didukung Muhammadiyah. Google
Campbell, H. A. (2010). Religious authority and the blogosphere. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2010.01519.x
Cloete, A. L. (2016). Mediated religion: Implications for religious authority. Verbum et Ecclesia, 37(1). https://doi.org/10.4102/ve.v37i1.1544
CNN Indonesia. (2019, June 3). Jamaah An Nadzir Sulsel Rayakan Idul Fitri 3 Juni. Google
Eriksson, K., Vartanova, I., Ornstein, P., & Strimling, P. (2021). The common-is-moral association is stronger among less religious people. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-021-00791-0
Fadholi, A. (2019). Akseptabilitas Draf Kriteria Baru Penentuan Kalender Hijriah Menurut Ahli Falak di Indonesia. Edugama: Jurnal Kependidikan Dan Sosial Keagamaan. https://doi.org/10.32923/edugama.v5i1.961
Fauzi, A. (2019). Almanak Menara Kudus: Study of Ḥisāb Results in 1990 until 2019. Al-Ahkam. https://doi.org/10.21580/ahkam.2019.29.1.3288
Frederick, D. M., Eire, N. M., & Marthin, J. S. (2016). Jews, Christian, and Muslim A Comperative Introduction to Monotheistic Religion (J. Corrigan, Ed.; II). Routledge. Google
Fringka, Y. (2017). Resistensi Berbasis Adat: Perlawanan Masyarakat Nagari III Koto, Tanah Datar, Sumatera Barat, terhadap Rencana Tambang Bukit Batubasi. Masyarakat: Jurnal Sosiologi, 21(2). https://doi.org/10.7454/mjs.v21i2.4670
Hanapi, M. S., & Hassan, S. A. (2015). Basis for Using the Rukyah Method for Determining the Arrival of Ramadan and Syawal in Brunei Darussalam. Journal of Islamic Studies and Culture, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.15640/jisc.v3n2a2
Holis, H., Musadad, A., & Pujiati, T. (2025). The Role of Public Law in Determining the Islamic Calendar in Indonesia. Al-Hilal: Journal of Islamic Astronomy, 7(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.21580/al-hilal.2025.7.1.25485
Idayanti, S., Haryadi, T., & Widyastuti, T. V. (2020). Penegakan Supremasi Hukum Melalui Implementasi Nilai Demokrasi. Diktum : Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.24905/diktum.v8i1.85
Izzuddin, A. (2015). Dinamika Hisab Rukyat di Indonesia. Istinbath: Jurnal Hukum, 12(2), 1–19. https://e-journal.metrouniv.ac.id/istinbath/article/view/584
Jodelet, D. (1991). Madness and Social Representations: Living with the Mad in One French Community. University of California Press. Google
JPNN.com. (2015). Lebaran Muhammadiyah dan NU Sama, Persis Beda. Google
Kasim, A. J., Abbas, A., Adhha, N., & Mutmainnah, I. (2024). Determination of Hijri Calendar in Islamic History and Its Criteria in Southeast Asia. Journal of Al-Tamaddun, 19(1), 247–259. https://doi.org/10.22452/JAT.vol19no1.18
Khamdan, Moh., & Wiharyani, W. (2018). Islam Nusantara in Political Contestation Identity Religion in Indonesia. Addin, 12(2), 491. https://doi.org/10.21043/addin.v12i2.4774
Khoiri, K. (2017). Antara Adat Dan Syariat (Studi Tentang Tradisi Mandi Safar di Tasik Nambus, Riau, ditinjau dari Perspektif Islam). Jurnal Ilmiah Islam Futura. https://doi.org/10.22373/jiif.v16i2.873
Kim, J., & Park, E. (2020). Understanding social resistance to determine the future of Internet of Things (IoT) services. Behaviour and Information Technology. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2020.1827033
Kompas.com. (2012). Muhammadiyah pastikan tak ikut sidang isbat. Google
Kurniawan, T. (2014). Penyatuan Kalender Islam. Yudisia: Jurnal Pemikiran Hukum Dan Hukum Islam. http://dx.doi.org/10.21043/yudisia.v5i2.711
Marwadi, M. (2021). Renewing the Thoughts of the Hijri Calendar of Muhammadiyah, Nahdlatul Ulama and Persatuan Islam and Its Implications for Realization of National Hijri Calendar. Al-Manahij: Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam, 15(1), 19–36. https://doi.org/10.24090/mnh.v15i1.4870
Maskufa, Dr. (2018). Global Hijriyah Calendar As Challenges Fikih Astronomy. https://doi.org/10.2991/iclj-17.2018.39
Ma’u, D. H. (2019). The History and Development of Islamic Astronomy In Indonesia. Malaysian Journal of Syariah and Law. https://doi.org/10.33102/mjsl.v7i2.102
McBride, M. (2016). A rational choice theory of religious authority. Rationality and Society. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043463116658870
Mokher, C. G., Park-Gaghan, T. J., Spencer, H., Hu, X., & Hu, S. (2020). Institutional Transformation Reflected: Engagement in Sensemaking and Organizational Learning in Florida’s Developmental Education Reform. Innovative Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10755-019-09487-5
Moscovici, S. (1961). La Psychanalyse, son image et son public. Presses Universitaires de France. Google
Mufid, A., Purwanto, A., Fitri, A. A., Yulianto, R. A., Asbari, M., Radita, F. R., & Cahyono, Y. (2020). Indonesian Hijriah Calendar Unification Urgency in the Perspective of Maqasid Sunnah Nabawiyah and Maqasid Shariah : A Qualitative Literature Review. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology. Google
Mufid, A., Zaiyadi, A., Nabawiyah, H., & Fasa, M. I. (2020). Unification of global hijri calendar in Indonesia: An effort to preserve the maqasid sunnah of the prophet (saw). Journal of Islamic Thought and Civilization. https://doi.org/10.32350/jitc.102.02
Nafisa, N. (2020). Foreign Cultural Policy: The Lack and Importance of Public Diplomacy in Israel’s Public Image Restoration. Jurnal Sentris, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.26593/sentris.v2i2.4134.1-13
nu.or.id. (2022). Ketika NU dan Pemerintah Berbeda dalam Penentuan Awal Hijriah. Google
Nurkhanif, M. (2018). Nalar Kritis Hadis Rukyat Al-Hilal : Kajian Hermeneutika dan Dekonstruksi Hadis. Riwayah: Jurnal Studi Hadis, 4(2), 265–280. https://doi.org/10.21043/riwayah.v4i2.4625
Nursodik, N. (2018). Kajian Kriteria Hisab Global Turki dan Usulan Kriteria Baru MABIMS dengan Menggunakan Algoritma Jean Meeus. Al-Ahkam. https://doi.org/10.21580/ahkam.2018.18.1.2353
okezone.com. (2015, July 10). Cegah Kontroversi, DPR Berharap Sidang Isbat Lebaran Tertutup. Google
Öztürk, A. (2018). Transformation of the Turkish Diyanet both at Home and Abroad: Three Stages. European Journal of Turkish Studies. Social Sciences on Contemporary Turkey, 27. https://doi.org/10.4000/ejts.5944
Prasetia, A. (2013, August 18). Survei LSI: 52,5 Persen Masyarakat Ingin Hari Raya Ditentukan Jauh Hari. Google
Prawiro, A. M. B. (2014). Islam Aboge: Islam and Cultural Java Dialogue (A Study of Islam Aboge Communities in Ujungmanik, Cilacap, Central Java, Indonesia). International Journal of Nusantara Islam. https://doi.org/10.15575/ijni.v1i2.29
Purwanto, M. R., Chotimah, C., & Mustofa, I. (2018). Sultan Agung’s Thought of Javanis Islamic Calender and its Implementation for Javanis Moslem. International Journal of Emerging Trends in Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.20448/2001.41.9.14
Putri, H. T. (2012). Redefinisi Hilal dalam Perspektif Fikih dan Astronomi. Al-Ahkam (Jurnal Pemikiran Hukum Islam). https://doi.org/10.21580/ahkam.2012.22.1.6
Qodim, H., Busro, & Rahim, R. (2019). Islamic Calendar: Prototype of Hijri Calendar Application using Rapid Application Development Method. 2019 7th International Conference on Cyber and IT Service Management (CITSM), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1109/CITSM47753.2019.8965410
Rakhmadi, A. J., & Hidayat, M. (2020). The Issues and Prospects of the Global Islamic Calendar. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.201017.025
Ridwan. (2022). Kontestasi Mazhab Hisab dan Rukyat di Indonesia. Pustaka Ilmu. Google
Rizalludin. (2018). Penolakan Pengurus Besar Nahdlatul Ulama (PBNU) terhadap Kesaksian Hasil Rukyat di Bawah Imkan Al-Rukyah dari Tahun 1998 – 2017. Universitas Islam Negeri. Google
Rofiuddin, A. A. (2019). Dinamika Sosial Penentuan Awal Bulan Hijriah di Indonesia. Istinbath, 18(2). https://istinbath.or.id/index.php/ijhi/article/view/166
Rofiuddin, A. A., & Hakim, A. L. (2022). NGOs Contestation On Islamic Hijri Calendar In Urban Muslim Society In Indonesia: From Authority To Identity. Akademika : Jurnal Pemikiran Islam, 27(2), 171. https://doi.org/10.32332/akademika.v27i2.5357
Rusmanto, J. (2021). Tahiting Dawen Sawang. Journal Ilmu Sosial, Politik Dan Pemerintahan. https://doi.org/10.37304/jispar.v2i2.366
Saifurrohman, A., & Azzafi, A. (2020). Analisis Ushul Fikih Mengenai Kalendar Islam Dalam Kontekstualisasi Nash-Nash Hisab Dan Rukyat. Ahkam: Jurnal Hukum Islam. https://doi.org/10.21274/ahkam.2020.8.2.373-396
Salam, Abd. (2008). Sistem Kalender Islam Dalam Perspektif Evolusi Syari’ah. Ulumuna. https://doi.org/10.20414/ujis.v12i2.384
Satriani, Juhaepa, & Upe, A. (2018). Resistensi Sosial Masyarakat Suku Bajo (Studi Kasus Atas Perlawanan Masyarakat Di Pulau Masudu Kecamatan Poleang Tenggara Terhadap Kebijakan Resettlement Ke Desa Liano Kecamatan Mataoleo Kabupaten Bombana). Jurnal Neo Societal. https://doi.org/10.33772/.v3i2.4028
Setyanto, H., & Hamdani, F. F. R. S. (2015). Kriteria 29: Cara Pandang Baru Dalam Penyusunan Kalender Hijriyah. Al-Ahkam. https://doi.org/10.21580/ahkam.2015.25.2.602
Shafira, I. D. (2023, April 17). Muhammadiyah Sebut Larangan Penggunaan Lapangan untuk Salat Idul Fitri Langgar Konstitusi. Google
Suhardiman. (2013). Kriteria Visibilitas Hilal Dalam Penetapan Awal Bulan Kamariah Di Indonesia. Khatulistiwa. https://doi.org/10.24260/khatulistiwa.v3i2.214
Sulfinadia, H. (2014). Perbedaan Penetapan Idul Adha Dan Implikasinya Terhadap Pelaksanaan Kurban. Fitrah:Jurnal Kajian Ilmu-Ilmu Keislaman. https://doi.org/10.24952/fitrah.v8i1.335
Susanti, M. H. (2017). Menguatkan Karakter Kebangsaan Indonesia di Era Globalisasi. Seminar Nasional PKn UNNES, 1(1). Google
Syam, H. A. (2021). The Essentiality Of The Nusantara Traditional Calendar. Al-Hilal: Journal of Islamic Astronomy. https://doi.org/10.21580/al-hilal.2021.3.1.7778
Tempo.co. (2017, June 25). Jemaah Masjid Marzuqiyah Baru Rayakan Lebaran Besok. Google
Tempo.co. (2020). Naqsabandiyah Puasa Mulai Hari Ini, Apa Alasannya?. Google
Wahyuni. (2018). Identifikasi Pola Psikologi Komunikasi Resistensi Dalam Masyarakat. Peurawi, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.22373/jp.v1i1.2765
Warta Ekonomi. (2013). Keraton Yogyakarta Justru Rayakan Lebaran di Hari Kamis. Google
Wijayanto, E., & Soekarba, S. R. (2019). The Cultural Evolution Of Local Islamic Values On The Muludan Tradition In Cirebon: A Memetics Perspective. International Review of Humanities Studies. https://doi.org/10.7454/irhs.v4i2.161
Yucel, S., & Albayrak, I. (2021). Are online fatwas credible? A critical analysis of fifty fatwas on organ donation and transplantation. Religions, 12(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12100902
Zainon, O., Ali, H. R., & Abu Hussin, M. F. (2019). Comparing the New Moon Visibility Criteria for International Islamic Calendar Concept. International Conference on Space Science and Communication, IconSpace. https://doi.org/10.1109/IconSpace.2019.8905945
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmad Adib Rofiuddin, Mahsun Mahsun, Arifana Nur Kholiq

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.