Interaction Profile of Problem Solving and Logical Thinking in Teaching Materials for Inheritance of Traits in Schools
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25217/ji.v10i2.6243Keywords:
Problem Solving, Logical Thinking, Inheritance of TraitsAbstract
Problem solving and logical thinking are essential 21st-century skills that are highly relevant to science learning, particularly in biology. The purpose of this study is to present the interaction profile between problem solving and logical thinking in teaching materials for the topic of inheritance of traits in schools. This research employed a descriptive qualitative method with indicator reduction. A total of 66 indicators were developed based on problem-solving aspects—Identify the problem; Define and represent the problem; Explore possible strategies; Act on the strategies; and Look back and evaluate the effects of your activities—and logical-thinking aspects, namely proportional reasoning, controlling variables, probabilistic reasoning, correlational reasoning, and combinatorial reasoning. The findings show that the teaching materials tend to emphasize the IPPR aspect (Identify – Proportional Reasoning) with an average of 4.77%, while the APBR aspect (Act – Probabilistic Reasoning) is less accommodated, with an average of 0.53%. Based on these results, the interaction profile of problem-solving and logical-thinking aspects in inheritance of traits materials in schools is presented unevenly and requires improvement. Therefore, further research is needed to develop and test problem-solving- and logical-thinking-based teaching materials through a classroom experimental approach to measure their impact on student learning outcomes. The findings of this study contribute to the field by providing an empirical basis for curriculum developers, textbook authors, and educators to design teaching materials that integrate higher-order thinking skills more evenly and effectively.
References
Adkhamjonovna, K. M. (2022). Development of Logical Thinking of Junior School Children. Web of Scientist: International Scientific Research Journal, 3(10), 914-919. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/Y7MSA
Ahghar, G. (2012). Effect of Problem-Solving Skills Education on Auto-Regulation Learning of High School Students in Tehran. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 69 (Iceepsy), 688–694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.11.462
Anggraeni, D. M., Prahani, B. K., Suprapto, N., Shofiyah, N., & Jatmiko, B. (2023). Systematic Review of Problem Based Learning Research in Fostering Critical Thinking Skills. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 49, 101334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2023.101334
Anjani, F., Supeno, S., & Subiki, S. (2020). Kemampuan Penalaran Ilmiah Siswa SMA dalam Pembelajaran Fisika Menggunakan Model Inkuiri Terbimbing disertai Diagram Berpikir Multidimensi. Lantanida Journal, 8(1), 13-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/lj.v8i1.6306
Annizar, A. M., Masrurotullaily, Jakaria, M. H. D., Mukhlis, M., & Apriyono, F. (2020). Problem Solving Analysis of Rational Inequality Based on IDEAL Model. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1465(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1465/1/012033
Antonio, R. P., & Prudente, M. S. (2024). Effects of Inquiry-Based Approaches on Students' Higher-Order Thinking Skills in Science: A Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Education in Mathematics, Science and Technology, 12(1), 251-281. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijemst.3216
Arifin, Z., Saputro, S., & Kamari, A. (2025). The Effect of Inquiry-Based Learning on Students’ Critical Thinking Skills in Science Education: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 21(3), em2592. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/15988
Avena, J. S., & Knight, J. K. (2019). Problem Solving in Genetics: Content Hints Can Help. CBE Life Sciences Education, 18(2), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.18-06-0093
Bello, A. (2014). Students’ Acquisition of The Formal Reasoning Ability in Kaduna State, Nigeria. International Journal of Science, Mathematics and Technology Learning, 2(6), 613–628. https://doi.org/10.18848/2327-7971/cgp/v21i01/49044
Boege, T. (2022). Algebra in Probabilistic Reasoning. Cornell University: arXiv preprint. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2211.04164
Bransford, J. D., & Stein, B. S. (1993). The IDEAL Problem Solver: A Guide for Improving Thinking, Learning, and Creativity. New York, NY: Freeman
Bronkhorst, H., Roorda, G., Suhre, C., & Goedhart, M. (2020). Logical Reasoning in Formal and Everyday Reasoning Tasks. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 18(8), 1673–1694. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10763-019-10039-8
Brookhart, S. (2010). How to Assess Higher-Order Thinking Skills in Your Classroom. In ASCD. https://doi.org/10.1177/002205741808801819
Carrió, M., Baños, J. E., & Rodríguez, G. (2022). Comparison of The Effect of Two Hybrid Models of Problem-Based Learning Implementation on the Development of Transversal and Research Skills and the Learning Experience. In Frontiers in Education, 7, 875860. Frontiers Media SA. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.875860
Çiǧrik, E., & Ergül, R. (2010). The Investion Effect of Using WebQuest on Logical Thinking Ability in Science Education. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 4918–4922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.03.795
Cihlář, J., Eisenmann, P., Hejnová, E., & Přibyl, J. (2020). Problem Solving in Mathematics and Scientific Reasoning. New Educational Review, 61, 97–108. https://doi.org/10.15804/tner.2020.61.3.08
Hadi, W. P. (2021). Identifikasi Kemampuan Penalaran Ilmiah Berdasarkan Gender. Wahana Matematika dan Sains: Jurnal Matematika, Sains, dan Pembelajarannya, 15(2), 133-142. https://doi.org/10.23887/wms.v15i2.34047
DeHaan, R. L. (2009). Teaching Creativity and Inventive Problem Solving in Science. CB-Life Sciences Education, 8, 172–181. https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.08–12–0081
De Jong, T., Lazonder, A. W., Chinn, C. A., Fischer, F., Gobert, J., Hmelo-Silver, C. E., ... & Zacharia, Z. C. (2023). Let's Talk Evidence–The Case for Combining Inquiry-Based and Direct Instruction. Educational Research Review, 39, 100536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2023.100536
Fah, L. Y., Hoon, K. C., & Lee, J. C. O. (2009). The Relationships Among Integrated Science Process Skills, Logical Thinking Abilities, and Science Achievement Among Rural Students of Sabah, Malaysia. In Third International Conference on Science and Mathematics Education, 1-12
Fehér, Z., Jaruska, L., Szarka, K., & Tóthová Tarová, E. (2023). Students’ Propositional Logic Thinking in Higher Education From the Perspective of Disciplines. In Frontiers in Education, 8, 1247653. Frontiers Media SA. https://doi:10.3389/feduc.2023.1247653
Feronika, T. (2023). Hubungan Efikasi Diri dengan Kemampuan Berpikir Logis Mahasiswa Calon Guru Kimia pada Materi Asam Basa (Skripsi). UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta
Firdausi, E. A., Suyudi, A., & Yuliati, L. (2020). Identifikasi Kemampuan Penalaran Ilmiah Materi Elastisitas dan Hukum Hooke pada Siswa SMA. Jurnal Riset Pendidikan Fisika, 5(2), 69-75.
García-Carmona, A. (2025). Scientific Thinking and Critical Thinking in Science Education: Two Distinct but Symbiotically Related Intellectual Processes. Science & Education, 34(1), 227-245. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11191-023-00460-5
Giang, N. T. C., Anh, N. T. Q., Dao, T. T., Tuan, P. A., Linh, C. T. H., & Chau, P. T. H. (2024). A Systematic Review of Problem-Solving Skill Development for Students in STEM Education. International Journal of Learning Teaching and Educational Research, 23(5), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.23.5.1
Hoskinson, A. M., Caballero, M. D., & Knight, J. K. (2013). How Can We Improve Problem Solving in Undergraduate Biology? Applying Lessons from 30 Years of Physics Education Research. CBE Life Sciences Education, 12(2), 153–161. https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.12-09-0149
Ioannidou, O., & Erduran, S. (2022). Policymakers’ Views of Future-Oriented Skills in Science Education. In Frontiers in Education, 7, 910128. Frontiers Media SA. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.910128
Kaldaras, L., & Wieman, C. (2023). Introducing an Instructional Model for Teaching Blended Math-Science Sensemaking in Undergraduate STEM Courses Using Computer Simulations. arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.13451. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2305.13451
Kemendikbudristek. (2022). Capaian Pembelajaran pada Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, Jenjang Pendidikan Dasar, dan Jenjang Pendidikan Menengah pada Kurikulum Merdeka.
Liana, Y. R., Linuwih, S., & Sulhadi, S. (2020). Internet of Things Based Learning Media with Problem Solving Approach: Its Effect on Higher Order Thinking Skills. Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Fisika Al-Biruni, 9(2), 225–239. https://doi.org/10.24042/jipfalbiruni.v9i2.6313
Lu, D., & Xie, Y. N. (2024). The Application of Educational Technology to Develop Problem-Solving Skills: A Systematic Review. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 51, 101454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2023.101454
Luthfia, S. (2023). Enhancement of Problem-Solving Skill Using IDEAL Problem-Solving Learning Model. SUJANA: Education and Learning Review, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.56943/sujana.v2i4.461
Maulida, R. (2016). Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Problem Solving Berbasis Just in Time Teaching Terhadap Keterampilan Proses Sains Siswa pada Materi Struktur dan Fungsi Jaringan Tumbuhan (Skripsi). UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta
Mazfufah, N. F. (2017). Pengaruh Metode Diskusi Isu-Isu Sosiosaintifik Terhadap Kemampuan Penalaran Ilmiah Peserta Didik (Skripsi). UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta
Modestou, M., & Gagatsis, A. (2010). Cognitive and Metacognitive Aspects of Proportional Reasoning. Mathematical Thinking and Learning, 12(1), 36–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/10986060903465822
Mujib, A., & Sulistiana, E. (2023). Kemampuan Penalaran Proporsional menurut Langrall dan Swafford pada Siswa Sekolah Menengah Pertama. Plusminus: Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 3(1), 117-126. https://doi.org/10.31980/plusminus.v3i1.1228
Muyasaroh, A., Pujiastuti, E., & Kharisudin, I. (2023). Analisis Level Probabilistic Thinking Ability Peserta Didik Dalam Menyelesaikan Soal Cerita Peluang di Sekolah Menengah Atas. JPMI (Jurnal Pembelajaran Matematika Inovatif), 6(2), 551-560. https://doi.org/10.22460/jpmi.v6i2.16989
Mukimzhonovich, E. M. (2022). Features of Geometric Problems for the Development of Self-Awareness and Logical Thinking. JournalNX, 8(12), 185-190.
Ongcoy, P. J. (2016). Logical Reasoning Abilities of Junior High School Students in The Province of Cotabato, Philippines. Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 4(4), 18-21.
Poernomo, E., Kurniawati, L., & Atiqoh, K. S. N. (2021). Studi Literasi Matematis. Algoritma: Journal of Mathematics Education, 3(1), 83-100. https://doi.org/10.15408/ajme.v3i1.20479
Prasetyono, R. N., & Hariyono, R. C. S. (2020). Development of Flipbook Using Web Learning to Improve Logical Thinking Ability in Logic Gate. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 11(1), 342–348. https://doi.org/10.14569/ijacsa.2020.0110143
Price, A. M., Kim, C. J., Burkholder, E. W., Fritz, A. V., & Wieman, C. E. (2021). A Detailed Characterization of the Expert Problem-Solving Process in Science and Engineering: Guidance for Teaching and Assessment. CBE Life Sciences Education, 20(3), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.20-12-0276
Punia, P., Malik, R., Bala, M., Phor, M., & Chander, Y. (2022). Relationship Between Logical Thinking, Metacognitive Skills, and Problem Solving Abilities: Mediating and Moderating Effect Analysis. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 53(4), 243–253. https://doi.org/10.24425/ppb.2022.143370
Rahaded, S., & Tuasikal, A. (2025). Karakterisasi Penalaran Proporsional Siswa dalam Memecahkan Masalah Rasio dan Proporsi Berdasarkan Kemampuan Dasar Matematika. Cognitivism: Journal of Educational Research and Development, 1(1), 40-52.
Rahman, M. M. (2019). 21st Century Skill “Problem Solving”: Defining the Concept. Asian Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, 2(1), 64–74. https://doi.org/10.34256/ajir1917
Rahman, M. T. A., Subarinah, S., & Triutami, T. W. (2023). Kemampuan Penalaran Proporsional ditinjau dari Gaya Belajar pada Siswa. Journal of Classroom Action Research, 5(4), 433-440. https://doi.org/10.29303/jcar.v5i4.5951
Ramirez, H. J. M., & Monterola, S. L. C. (2022). Co-creating Scripts in Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning and its Effects on Students’ Logical Thinking in Earth Science. Interactive Learning Environments, 30(5), 908–921. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2019.1702063
Rimadani, E., Parno, P., & Diantoro, M. (2017). Identifikasi Kemampuan Penalaran Ilmiah Siswa SMA pada Materi Suhu dan Kalor. Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan, 2(6), 833-839. https://doi.org/10.17977/jptpp.v2i6.9440
Ross, J. A., & Cousins, J. B. (1993). Patterns of Student Growth in Reasoning about Correlational Problems. Journal of Educational Psychology, 85, 49–65. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-0663.85.1.49
Rott, B., Specht, B., & Knipping, C. (2021). A Descriptive Phase Model of Problem-Solving Processes. ZDM-Mathematics Education, 53(4), 737–752. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-021-01244-3
Schwichow, M., Christoph, S., Boone, W. J., & Härtig, H. (2016). The Impact of Sub-Skills and Item Content on Students’ Skills with Regard to the Control-of-Variables Strategy. International Journal of Science Education, 38(2), 216–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500693.2015.1137651
Setiawati, A., Pertiwi, C. M., & Hidayat, W. (2024). Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah Matematis, Model Problem Based Learning, Platform Book Creator: Muatan Pembelajaran Inovatif Abad 21 Bagi Siswa SMP. JPMI (Jurnal Pembelajaran Matematika Inovatif), 7(3), 555-566. https://doi.org/10.22460/jpmi.v7i3.23002
Sevinc, S., & Lizano, C. (2024). Bar Model Method as a Problem-Solving Heuristic: an Investigation of Two Preservice Teachers’ Solution Paths in Problems Involving Ratio and Percentage. Mathematics Education Research Journal, 36(1), 71-95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13394-022-00427-9
Sezen, N., & Bülbül, A. (2011). A Scale on Logical Thinking Abilities. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 2476–2480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.04.131
Shek, D. T., Chau, G. C., & Lee, B. M. (2025). Development of 21st-Century Skills: A Comprehensive Analysis Based on the OECD Learning Compass 2030. Promoting Holistic Development in University Students, 17, 89. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-96-0251-3#page=107
Subramaniam, R. C., Borse, N., Allen, W., Sirnoorkar, A., Morphew, J. W., Rebello, C. M., & Rebello, N. S. (2025). Applying a STEM Ways of Thinking Framework for Student-generated Engineering Design-based Physics Problems. arXiv preprint arXiv:2503.05957. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2503.05957
Szabó, Z. A., Soós, S., & Schiller, E. (2025). Deductive Content Analysis as a Research Method in The Field of Education Sciences–A Systematic Literature Review of Journal Articles in Web of Science (2019–2023). Journal of Adult Learning, Knowledge and Innovation, 7(2), 49-57. https://doi.org/10.1556/2059.2023.00094
Siti, W. B. (2024). Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Problem Based Learning (PBL) terhadap Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Ditinjau dari Minat Belajar Siswa di SMP Negeri 7 Bandar Lampung (Skripsi). UIN Raden Intan Lampung
Tan, A. L., Ong, Y. S., Ng, Y. S., & Tan, J. H. J. (2023). STEM Problem Solving: Inquiry, Concepts, and Reasoning. Science & Education, 32(2), 381-397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11191-021-00310-2
Tobin, K. G., & Capie, W. (1981). The Development and Validation of A Group Test of Logical Thinking. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 41, 413–423.
Yimer, A., & Ellerton, N. F. (2010). A Five-Phase Model for Mathematical Problem Solving: Identifying Synergies in Pre-Service-Teachers’ Metacognitive and Cognitive Actions. ZDM-International Journal on Mathematics Education, 42(2), 245–261. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-009-0223-3
Yu, L., & Zin, Z. M. (2023). The Critical Thinking-Oriented Adaptations of Problem-Based Learning Models: a Systematic Review. In Frontiers in Education, 8, 1139987. Frontiers Media SA. https://doi:10.3389/feduc.2023.1139987
Zakiah, N. E., Sunaryo, Y., & Amam, A. (2019). Implementasi Pendekatan Kontekstual pada Model Pembelajaran Berbasis Masalah Berdasarkan Langkah-Langkah Polya. Teorema: Teori dan Riset Matematika, 4(2), 111-120. https://dx.doi.org/10.25157/teorema.v4i2.2706
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Baety Nur Hanifah, Sutarno Sutarno, Sri Widoretno
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
